Jump to content

Magic: The Gathering rules

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Planeswalker)

The rules of the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering were originally developed by the game's creator, Richard Garfield, and accompanied the first version of the game in 1993. The game's rules have frequently been changed by the manufacturer Wizards of the Coast, mostly in minor ways, but several major rule changes have also happened.

In its most-played form, Magic is a game where two players bring their own deck of cards and play each other. Players start by drawing a hand of seven cards and then take turns. In a turn, a player can play one mana-producing Land, play spells that require varying amounts and colors of mana, and attack their opponent to reduce their life-total from the starting 20 to zero, thus winning the game.

Overview

[edit]
A game of Magic in progress

A typical game of Magic involves two or more players who are engaged in a battle, acting as powerful wizards known as Planeswalkers. Each player has their own deck of cards, either one they have previously constructed from a limited pool of cards for the event.[1] A player typically starts the game with a "life total" of twenty and loses the game when their life total is reduced to zero.[2][3] A player can lose the game if they must draw from an empty deck. Some cards specify other ways to win or lose the game.[2][4]: 50  One of the "Magic Golden Rules" is: "Whenever a card's text directly contradicts these rules, the card takes precedence".[2] According to CNET, the game has many variants; "Magic tends to embrace all that house ruling, making it official when it catches on. Commander started as a fan-created format, after all."[5]

Formats

[edit]
Main article: Magic: The Gathering formats

Magic can be played in various formats; each format provides additional rules for deck construction and gameplay, with many confining the pool of permitted cards to those released in a specified group of Magic card sets. There are two main categories mandated by the Wizards Play Network (WPN): Tournament and Casual.[6] The term "sanctioned" refers to formats the WPN allows to be run at official events.[7] Officially sanctioned events can add additional rules, such as the disallowance of proxy cards.[8]

Players have also invented alternative formats for playing the game, some of which Wizards of the Coast has accepted.[9] Some of these formats use rules or sets of cards that differ from those used in sanctioned tournament play.[10] One of the most popular formats of Magic is Commander, which is a casual sanctioned format.[11][12][13]

Formats can be further divided into Constructed and Limited formats.[14][5] Constructed formats require decks to be made prior to participation; players are allowed to use any tournament-legal cards they possess. Sanctioned Constructed formats include Standard, Modern, Legacy, and Vintage.[14][15] Limited formats, in contrast, use a restricted and unknown pool of cards that is usually formed by opening Magic products. Limited competition require players to select cards and build decks during the tournament. The primary two sanctioned Limited formats are Sealed Deck and Booster Draft.[14][16]

Deck construction

[edit]
Main article: Magic: The Gathering deck types

Deck construction requires strategy; players must choose cards to play from thousands of cards, requiring players to evaluate the power of their cards, the possible synergies between them, and their possible interactions with the cards they expect to play against. This "metagame" can vary by location and time period.[17][18] The player restricts the choice of cards by deciding which colors to include in the deck.[18] Starter decks, which are part of the Magic product line, are aimed at giving novice players ideas for deck construction.[19] Players expand their card library for deck construction through booster packs, which have a random distribution of cards from a specific Magic set and are defined by rarity.[20] These rarities are known as Common, Uncommon, Rare, and Mythic Rare; more-powerful cards are generally rarer.[21][22]

Initial setup

[edit]

Beginning and ending the game

[edit]

Each player uses their own deck to play the game. In most formats, a deck must have a minimum of 60 cards;[23][3] there is no maximum deck size but a player must be able to shuffle their deck without assistance.[24][25] Some formats have exceptions or additional limitations to these rules.[3] In tournaments, players may be allowed to use a sideboard containing up to 15 cards that can be swapped for cards in the main deck in between games.[4]: 61 

At the beginning of a game, each player shuffles their deck and draws seven cards to form their starting hand.[4]: 50  The players may choose to mulligan if they do not like their starting hand.[26][3]

A player wins the game by eliminating all opponents. Players typically begin the game with 20 life and generally lose when their life total reaches zero or they run out of cards in their deck,[27][4]: 50  although there are other ways of losing the game.[4]: 50 

London Mulligan

[edit]

The London Mulligan rule was implemented for all competitive Magic formats in 2019. In turn order, each player may decide to mulligan; that player shuffles their hand and library together, and draws a new hand of seven cards. A player can do this as many times as they wish. They then put a card on the bottom of their library for each time they took a mulligan.[26][28][29]

Zones

[edit]
Magic: The Gathering zones.

At any one time, every card is located in one of the following "zones":

  • Library: The portion of the player's deck that is kept face down and is normally in random order (shuffled).[30]
  • Hand: A player's hidden hand of cards that can be played. If a player has more than seven cards in hand at the end of their turn, any extras must be discarded.[31]
  • Battlefield: Cards that are in play and actively influencing the game.[32]
  • Graveyard: A player's discard pile.[30][33] Typically, "creatures, enchantments, and artifacts stay on the playing field whereas sorceries and instants are placed in your discard pile ... after casting their one-time effect".[33]
  • The stack: This is the place for spells and abilities that have been cast or played, but have not yet resolved.[34]
  • Exile: Cards that have been exiled by specific effects are put here. Unlike the graveyard, exile is "the place where cards go when they're really dead and can't be replayed back into the game".[30]
  • Command: In the Commander format, each player's commander is put here at the start of the game and returns when it leaves the battlefield.[35]

Terminology

[edit]

Abilities

[edit]

Types of abilities include:

  • Activated abilities have a cost and an effect, which are separated using a colon. A player may activate such an ability at any time by paying the cost.[36][37]
  • Triggered abilities begin with the word "when", "whenever" or "at". The ability is put on the stack when the trigger event occurs.[36][38]
  • Static abilities are written as statements that modify the rules of the game.[36][38]

Keyword abilities

[edit]
Main article: List of Magic: The Gathering keywords

Some cards, which are called "keyword abilities", have abilities that are not fully explained on the card and consist of a word or phrase whose meaning is defined in the rules. Keyword abilities are usually given reminder text in the set in which they are introduced. There are over forty such abilities. In most cases, multiple instances of the same keyword on an object have no additional effect. Keywords can be classified as Evergreen and Mechanics.[39][40] Evergreen keywords "can appear in absolutely any set, since its gameplay effects and flavor are flexible and generic enough to fit anywhere. Effects like trample, flying, deathtouch, first strike and haste are examples of this".[41] Abilities classified as Mechanics are rotated in and out of the game as expansions are released.[42][43][44] According to Game Rant: "most planes have some unique rules that are only relevant on cards from specific sets" and "new mechanics are constantly added to shake things up and give the players new tools to work with".[43]

Mana

[edit]

When a player uses an ability that produces mana, that mana is put in their "mana pool". Mana can be white, blue, black, red, green or colorless. Mana in the mana pool can be used to pay costs.[33][45]

Types of cards

[edit]
Layout of a Magic: The Gathering card.

All objects that remain on the battlefield are called permanents, types of which include lands, creatures, enchantments, artifacts, and planeswalkers. Sorceries and instants go to the graveyard immediately after they are used.[46][47]

Lands

[edit]

Land cards tap to produce mana that is used to cast spells and activate abilities. They cost no mana to play but a player may play no more than one land per turn, and only during the main phases of their own turn.[46][30] The are six types of basic lands; Plains, Island, Swamp, Mountain, Forest, and Wastes, one for each color plus Wastes for colorless.[48] These lands can each be tapped to produce one mana of the appropriate color. Other lands are non-basic and may produce other combinations or amounts of mana, or may have other abilities.[30][33][47] Playing a land does not use the stack and therefore occurs immediately and no player can stop it.[49] Players are allowed to have any number of basic lands in a deck,[4]: 44  whereas all other cards are limited to four copies per deck.[4]: 42 

Creatures

[edit]

Creatures represent people or beasts that are summoned to the battlefield to attack opposing creatures or players and defend their controller from the attacks of enemy creatures.[33][30] Creatures have two values that represent their strength in combat, printed on the lower right-hand corner of the card. The first number is the creature's power, the amount of damage it deals in combat.[4]: 44  The second number is its toughness;[4]: 44  if it receives that much damage in a single turn, the creature is destroyed and placed in the graveyard.[4]: 51 

Creatures are divided into creature types, such as "goblin" or "wizard".[38] Creatures of the same type often synergize well with each other, causing players to build decks based entirely on one type of creature.[50]

Enchantments

[edit]

Enchantments represent persistent magical effects; they are spells that remain on the battlefield and alter some aspect of the game. Some enchantments are attached to other cards on the battlefield (often creatures); these are known as Auras. These enchantments affect that card in some way, and are automatically put into the graveyard when the card they are enchanting leaves the battlefield.[4]: 46 

Artifacts

[edit]

Artifacts represent magical items, animated constructs, pieces of equipment, or other objects and devices. Like enchantments, artifacts remain on the battlefield until something removes them.[33] Some artifacts are Equipment.[33] Each equipment has a Equip cost, which a player can pay to give that equipment to one of their creatures, making the creature stronger. Unlike auras, which are destroyed when the object they are enchanting leaves play, equipment can be re-equipped by another creature if its original user leaves play.[51]

Sorceries and instants

[edit]

Sorceries and instants both represent one-shot or short-term magical spells. They never enter the battlefield. Instead, they take effect and then are immediately put into their owner's graveyard.[33]

Sorceries and instants differ only in when they can be cast. Sorceries may only be cast during the player's own main phases,[33] and only when the stack is empty. Instants, on the other hand, can be cast at any time, including during other players' turns and while another spell or ability is waiting to resolve.[33]

Interrupts

[edit]

Prior to the introduction of the stack in 6th Edition, there was another type of spell called an "Interrupt". Interrupts functioned similarly to instants in that they could be played at any time, however players could only respond to interrupts with other interrupts and could not use instants or activate abilities.[52]

Planeswalkers

[edit]

According to Magic lore, the player is a "planeswalker", a wizard who can travel ("walk") between different realms or universes ("planes");[53] as such, planeswalker cards are meant to represent scaled-down versions of other players, with their decks represented by the card's abilities, and originally were designed to move through a roster of effects without player control, as though they had a mind of their own.[54] Most planeswalkers are legendary and subject to the "legend rule" - if a player controls more than one legendary planeswalker with the same name, that player chooses one and puts the other into their owner's graveyard.[55][53]

Planeswalkers' abilities are based on their loyalty, which is tracked with counters. Planeswalkers' loyalty abilities each have a positive or negative loyalty cost; this is how many counters must be added (if positive) or removed (if negative) to activate that ability. Regardless of the loyalty costs, a single planeswalker may only use one loyalty ability once per turn,[53] and only on its controller's turn during their main phases.[56] An amount of loyalty counters are also removed equal to any damage the planeswalker takes.[53] A planeswalker with no loyalty counters, either through use of its abilities or through damage, is put into the player's graveyard.[32]

Planeswalkers are not creatures, so they cannot directly attack or block. Creatures can attack an opponent's planeswalkers rather than the opponent themselves. Those creatures may be blocked normally, but if not blocked deal damage to the planeswalker instead of the player.[53]

Gameplay

[edit]

Phases

[edit]

Magic officially labels its gameplay phases "as Begin, Main Phase, Combat, Second Main Phase, and End".[33]

Begin

[edit]

The beginning phase is composed of three parts:[27]

  • Untap step: A player untaps all cards they control.[31][57]
  • Upkeep step: Then, any abilities that trigger on the "upkeep step" happen, starting with the player of the current turn. These often include cards that require mana payments every turn.[31][57]
  • Draw step: A player then draws a card.[31][57] In two-player games, the player who takes the first turn does not draw a card for that turn.[4]: 50 

No cards or abilities can be played during the untap step. During the upkeep and draw steps, however, players can cast instants and activate abilities as normal.[31][57]

Main

[edit]

The main phase occurs immediately after the draw step; in this phase, the player has option to put cards onto the field. They may play any card from their hand unless that card specifies otherwise, and as long as they have the mana to pay its casting cost. This includes creature, planeswalker, sorcery, instant, land, enchantment, and artifact cards. Players may play only one land per turn.[31][57]

Combat

[edit]

The combat phase is split into five steps. Aside from instants, activated abilities, and spells that are specifically noted as being able to be played at any time (e.g., creatures with flash), players may not cast spells during combat. Multiple creatures may attack at the same time, but the turn player may only declare their list of attackers once.[31][57]

  • Beginning of combat: Players have a chance to cast spells and activate abilities that may alter how combat progresses. As the most common example, only untapped creatures may attack, so the defending player may cast instants or activate abilities that will tap a creature, preventing it from attacking.[31][57]
  • Declare attackers: the player whose turn it is declares which creatures they control will attack. Both players are given a chance to cast instants and activate abilities after attackers have been declared.[31][57]
  • Declare blockers: the defending player chooses which creatures they will block with. A creature must be untapped in order for it to block. Each creature can only block a single attacker, but multiple defending creatures can block the same attacker. Both players are given a chance to cast instants and activate abilities after blockers have been declared.[31][57]
  • Combat damage: attacking and blocking creatures deal damage; if a creature has multiple blockers, that creature’s controller chooses which order they are damaged in.[31][57]
  • End of combat: Nothing normally happens during this phase, although players have another opportunity to take actions.[31][57]

Second main phase

[edit]

The second main phase is identical to the first; the player may cast spells and play a land (if they haven't played one already).[27][31]

End

[edit]

The ending phase has two steps:

  • End step: abilities that trigger "at the beginning of the end step" go on the stack. This is the last chance players have to cast instants or activate abilities this turn.[31][57]
  • Cleanup: the active player discards down to their maximum hand size, then simultaneously, all damage marked on permanents is removed and all "until end of turn" and "this turn" effects end. Players can only take an action during the cleanup step if an ability triggers, which is rare.[31][57]

After this phase is completed, the next active player starts their turn at the beginning phase.[31]

Paying costs

[edit]

Tapping and untapping

[edit]
The tap symbol, which appears on cards to indicate that a certain skill requires the card's tap to be used. This is the first version of the symbol, printed on cards from the Revised Edition to Fallen Empires.

Some spells or abilities require the player to tap a permanent as part of their cost, meaning that they cannot use the ability again for the remainder of the turn.[4]: 46  A creature that attacks also gets tapped, but a creature that blocks does not.[58] Furthermore, a tapped creature cannot be declared as an attacker or blocker.[58]

At the beginning of each player's turn, that player untaps all cards they control (unless otherwise stated by a card's effect) and they can be tapped again as normal.[27][58]

Mana costs and colors

[edit]

Most cards other than lands have a mana cost. This is the amount of mana that must be spent to cast that card as a spell. Cards can require mana of any color or combination of colors, including generic costs that can be paid with mana of any color.[27]

Screen Rant commented that "One of the more important aspects of constructing a deck is the mana ratio. This ratio determines how many basic land cards players will need in their deck in order to 'cast' spell cards for combat and defense when playing a game. Too much mana can lead to players becoming 'mana swamped' or pulling out mostly basic mana cards and not enough spell cards to attack. The opposite can also happen where players become 'mana starved' and have too little mana to play their spell cards. [...] There are a number of ways the calculate or estimate this more specifically, but a quick rule of thumb is that basic mana should make up approximately one-third of their Magic: The Gathering deck, or 20 to 24 cards in a 60-card deck".[25]

Timing

[edit]

When a player casts a spell or activates an ability, it does not immediately take effect. Instead, it is placed on the stack, allowing other players to respond to the ability. Most activated abilities, as well as instant spells, can be used on anybody's turn as responses in this manner.[33] Each new spell or ability is put on top of the stack, with the newest on top and the oldest at the bottom.[49] When nobody has more spells or abilities to add, spells and abilities on the stack resolve in top-to-bottom order.[4]: 49 

Certain spells allow a player to counter other spells. These spells must be cast while the spells they will affect are still on the stack. If a spell is countered, it is moved from the stack to its owner's graveyard and does not resolve.[4]: 49 

Playing lands and certain other special actions do not use the stack; they take effect immediately.[49]

History

[edit]

Magic's Comprehensive Rules[59][60] aim to "stabilize the rules" with errata and outline "special-case rulings".[61] In April 1994, Wizards of the Coast made "the first attempt to formalize and simplify Magic rules" with the Revised Edition card set.[61] This codification of rules streamlined many cards, introduced or clarified many terms, removed "the need for multiple artifact types" and "introduced the tap symbol".[61] It also introduced the system of timing that is in similar form still used in the game today: LIFO ("last in, first out"), instead of spells being resolved simultaneously as they were in earlier editions. Spells were now announced in 'batches'.[52] However, over the next year it became clear to Wizards of the Coast that the game needed a more detailed rulebook. This led to the development of the Comprehensive Rules which were introduced in mid-1995 with the Fourth Edition card set.[61]

The Comprehensive Rules were again overhauled for the 1997 Fifth Edition card set.[61] The Fifth Edition rules attempted to create a complete rulebook from which card interactions could be determined logically without the need for special-case rulings.[61] "Fifth Edition rules changed interrupts to work remarkably like instants, simplified the attack, and introduced several 'new' concepts that had never had formal names (including phase costs and triggered abilities)."[61] Fifth Edition also introduced on-card reminder text to keywords with the goal of helping beginners to learn the various keywords of the game more easily.[61] The rules were reworked more drastically for the Classic Sixth Edition core set in 1999. Instead of spells resolving as complete batches players could now interact on the "stack" at any point, interrupts were removed from the game, combat damage used the stack, and the rules deactivating tapped artifacts and preventing tapped blockers from dealing damage were removed.[52][62]: 42  The rules text on the cards was made more consistent, with some rules templated to achieve that consistency.[63]: 225 

The next major rules update was a decade later with the Magic 2010 core set.[64] Several rule changes were made with the goal of making the game terminology more flavorful such as renaming the "in play-zone" to "battlefield". The main change was that combat stopped using the stack, a change that was considered by many veterans of the game to reduce the strategic depth of combat situations although it was generally accepted that in many cases the difference would not affect the combat situation.[65]

Banned and restricted cards

[edit]

Individual cards may be listed as "restricted", where only one copy can be included in a deck, or simply "banned", at the WPN's discretion.[6] These limitations are usually for balance of power reasons, but have been occasionally made because of gameplay mechanics.[66][67][68] For example, with the elimination of the "play for ante" mechanic in all formal formats,[69] all such cards with this feature are banned.[66] During the COVID-19 pandemic which drew more players to the online Magic games and generated volumes of data of popular deck constructions, Wizards was able to track popular combinations more quickly than in a purely paper game, and in mid-2020, banned additional cards that in specific combinations could draw out games far longer than desired.[70]

Older cards have also been banned from all formal play by Wizards due to inappropriate racial or cultural depictions in their text or illustrations in the wake of the George Floyd protests, and their images have been blocked or removed from online Magic databases.[71][72] This included a card called "Invoke Prejudice", which was displayed on the official card index site Gatherer "at a web URL ending in '1488', numbers that are synonymous with white supremacy."[72]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Magic for the Masses: So You Want to Play Magic: The Gathering?". Paste. 2015-02-27. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  2. ^ a b c "Magic: The Gathering Comprehensive Rules" (PDF). November 18, 2022. pp. 6–11. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d "How to play Magic: The Gathering: A beginner's guide". Dicebreaker. 2019-11-21. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kaufeld, John; Smith, Jeremy (2006). Trading Card Games For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-04407-1.
  5. ^ a b Lancaster, Luke (January 26, 2017). "'Mix and match' makes many kinds of Magic: The Gathering". CNET. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  6. ^ a b "Magic: the Gathering® Tournament Rules" (PDF). Wizards Play Network. November 14, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  7. ^ "All Formats". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  8. ^ "WotC Clarifies Proxy Position on 'Magic'". icv2.com. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  9. ^ Švelch, Jan (2016). "Platform Studies, Computational Essentialism, and Magic: The Gathering". Analog Game Studies. 3 (3). ISSN 2643-7112.
  10. ^ "Magic: The Gathering, A Literary Text". Americana: The Journal of American Popular Culture. 16 (1). Spring 2017.
  11. ^ Hall, Charlie (2020-05-28). "Commander: The definitive history of Magic's most popular format". Polygon. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  12. ^ Johnson, Xavier (2021-07-30). "Deckbuilding thrives in Magic: The Gathering's casual format Commander". Dot Esports. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  13. ^ "Magic: The Gathering's most popular formats explained". Dicebreaker. 2020-01-14. Retrieved 2021-09-14.
  14. ^ a b c "Sanctioned Formats". Wizards of the Coast. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  15. ^ Mitchell, Ferguson (October 17, 2019). "MTG Basics: Competitive formats". Dot Esports.
  16. ^ "Magic for the Masses: Drafting for Dummies". Paste. 2015-04-28. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  17. ^ "A Beginners Guide to Magic the Gathering". Kim E Lumbard. 2003. Archived from the original on November 6, 2015. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  18. ^ a b "Magic for the Masses: Standard Deck Construction on a Budget". Paste. 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  19. ^ Carrillo, Jaime (June 13, 2019). "Magic: The Gathering: A definitive guide to MtG for beginners". The Daily Dot. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  20. ^ Parlock, Joe (September 27, 2021). "Magic The Gathering Booster Packs Guide: Draft, Set, Theme And Collector's Booster Packs Explained". TheGamer.
  21. ^ Wilson, Nicholas (December 1, 2020). "Magic: The Gathering card rarities explained". Gamepur.
  22. ^ Micell, Max (4 May 2021). "Magic: The Gathering card rarities explained". Dot Esports.
  23. ^ "Standard". Magic: The Gathering.
  24. ^ "Modern Format". Magic: The Gathering.
  25. ^ a b Lindquist, Sarah (October 11, 2021). "How To Build A Magic: The Gathering Standard Format 60-Card Deck". Screen Rant.
  26. ^ a b "Magic: The Gathering - When & Why to Mulligan Your Hand". CBR. 2020-07-10. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  27. ^ a b c d e "Magic: The Gathering Arena - the beginner's guide". PC Invasion. 2019-11-13. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  28. ^ "Magic: The Gathering is Getting a New Mulligan Rule". ScreenRant. 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  29. ^ Forster, Danny (2019-06-03). "Magic: The Gathering will implement London Mulligan rule across all formats". Dot Esports. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  30. ^ a b c d e f "How to play Magic the Gathering Arena: getting started in MTG". PCGamesN. October 1, 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Magic The Gathering Turns Explained: Phase Guide". TheGamer. 2021-09-24. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  32. ^ a b Chatterjee, Krishnendu; Ibsen-Jensen, Rasmus (2016). "The Complexity of Deciding Legality of a Single Step of Magic: The Gathering". Ecai 2016: 1432–1439. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-672-9-1432.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Orf, Darren (2020-08-11). "So You Want to Play 'Magic: The Gathering'". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  34. ^ "How to Play 'Magic: The Gathering': The Stack". GeekMom. 2021-02-19. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  35. ^ Parlock, Joe (16 November 2021). "Magic The Gathering: Everything You Need To Know About The Commander Format". The Gamer.
  36. ^ a b c "Magic: The Gathering Comprehensive Rules" (PDF). November 14, 2022. p. 23. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
  37. ^ Parlock, Joe (6 January 2022). "Magic The Gathering: What Are Activated And Triggered Abilities?". The Gamer.
  38. ^ a b c Biderman, Stella (2020). "Magic: The Gathering is as Hard as Arithmetic". arXiv:2003.05119 [cs.AI].
  39. ^ "Top 10 Evergreen Keywords by Abe Sargent". GatheringMagic.com. Retrieved 2018-05-09.
  40. ^ "Magic the Gathering: Arena keyword abilities explained". PCGamesN. February 3, 2021. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  41. ^ "How Scrying Became Magic: The Gathering's Newest Evergreen Keyword". CBR. 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  42. ^ "The 5 Mechanics You Need to Know to Play 'Magic the Gathering: Kaldheim'". GeekMom. 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  43. ^ a b "Magic: The Gathering Strixhaven Mechanics Explained". Game Rant. 2021-03-29. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  44. ^ Goldberg, J. R. (March 30, 2017). "Magic: The Gathering's Head Designer Has A Damn Hard Job". Kotaku. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  45. ^ Howard, Jeff (2014). Game Magic: A Designer's Guide to Magic Systems in Theory and Practice. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis. pp. 105–110. ISBN 978-1-4665-6787-0. OCLC 878262785.
  46. ^ a b Mitchell, Ferguson (2019-07-15). "MTG basics: Introduction to Magic: The Gathering". Dot Esports. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  47. ^ a b "Magic: The Gathering 101 – Deck Building Fundamentals". Nerdist. 2018-05-30. Retrieved 2021-10-16.
  48. ^ Miceli, Max (February 25, 2021). "What do Magic: The Gathering mana symbols mean?". Dot Esports.
  49. ^ a b c Coles, Jason (January 14, 2022). "MTG: The Stack – what is it, and how does it work?". Wargamer.
  50. ^ Coles, Jason (October 19, 2021). "10 best tribes in Magic: The Gathering". Dicebreaker.
  51. ^ Kemner, Louis (December 3, 2020). "Magic: The Gathering - How Equipment Became the Premier Weapons of War". CBR.
  52. ^ a b c Menendian, Steve (March 27, 2017). "Old School Magic: Chapter 10 — Rules of the Road". Vintage Magic.
  53. ^ a b c d e Parlock, Joe (April 29, 2022). "Magic The Gathering: What Are Planeswalker Cards?". The Gamer.
  54. ^ Rosewater (2009-10-02). "Planeswalk on the Wild Side, part 1".
  55. ^ Matt Tabak. (August 28th, 2017) "Ixalan Mechanics"
  56. ^ "Magic: The Gathering Planeswalker Rules". 2008-03-26. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Knutson, Ted (November 4, 2006). "The Dynamics of a Turn". Magic: The Gathering. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  58. ^ a b c Basil, Matt (May 26, 2022). "How to play Magic: The Gathering – your beginner's guide to mana, cards, and combat". Wargamer.
  59. ^ "Rules". Magic: The Gathering. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  60. ^ Nelson, Joshua (2019-09-27). ""Magic: The Gathering" Comprehensive & "Oracle" Rules Changes". Bleeding Cool News And Rumors. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g h Grey, Dan (June 1, 2009). "Simple Rules are the Holy Grail of Magic". Magic: The Gathering. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  62. ^ Buehler, Randy (May 1999). "Final Fortune". InQuest. No. 49. Wizard Entertainment. pp. 38–43.
  63. ^ Chalk, Titus (2017). Generation Decks: the unofficial history of gaming phenomenon Magic: The Gathering. Solaris Books. ISBN 978-1-78618-067-4.
  64. ^ "Magic 2010 Rules Changes". Magic: The Gathering. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  65. ^ Henke, Tobias (June 19, 2009). "Berechtigte Zweifel" (in German). planetmtg.de. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
  66. ^ a b "Magic: The Gathering - Early on, the Game Was Just Plain WEIRD". CBR. 2020-12-05. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  67. ^ "Magic: The Gathering - Making Sense of the Legend Rule". CBR. 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  68. ^ LaPille, Tom (July 26, 2009). "Crafting a Vintage". Wizards of the Coast. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2009.
  69. ^ "Magic: The Gathering's Worst Mechanic Was Banned to Avoid Gambling Accusations". CBR. 2021-12-19. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
  70. ^ Gault, Matthew (August 5, 2020). "COVID-19 Is Making 'Magic: The Gathering' Change the Game". Vice. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  71. ^ Parrish, Ash (June 10, 2020). "Wizards of the Coast Bans 7 Racist Magic: The Gathering Cards". Kotaku. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  72. ^ a b Hall, Charlie (2020-06-10). "Racist Magic: The Gathering cards banned, removed from database by publisher". Polygon. Retrieved 2020-06-11.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magic:_The_Gathering_rules&oldid=1259621603#Planeswalkers"