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1914 in film

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The year 1914 in film involved some significant events, including the debut of Cecil B. DeMille as a director.[1]

Events

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Highest-grossing films (U.S.)

[edit]

The top eight 1914 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Highest-grossing films of 1914
Rank Title Studio Gross
1 The Spoilers General $1,000,000[14]
2 Dough and Dynamite Paramount $130,000[15]
3 The Virginian $111,518[15]
4 Rose of the Rancho $87,028[15]
5 The Man from Home $62,091[15]
6 What's His Name $61,560[15]
7 The Call of the North $52,284[15]
8 The Ghost Breaker $50,136[15]

Selected films with 1914 release dates

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Other films released in 1914

[edit]
  • Absinthe (Imp/ Universal) written and directed by Herbert Brenon, starring King Baggot and Leah Baird; filmed in Paris, France; re-released in 1916.[29]
  • Across the Pacific, written and directed by Edwin Carewe (based on the play by Charles E. Blaney), starring Dorothy Dalton and Sam Hines.[30]
  • Alice in Wonderland (Maienthau Prods.) based on the novel by Lewis Carroll. A 16mm. reduction positive print still exists.[31]
  • Alone With the Devil aka Ekspressens Mysterium (Denmark/ Nordisk) directed by Hjalmar Davidsen, starring Cristel Holch, Carl Lauritzen and Valdemar Psilander [32]
  • Bancho Sarayashika (Japanese/ Nikkatsu) ghost story directed by Shozo Makino, starring Matsunosuke Onoe, based on a 19th-century Kabuki play by Segawa Joko III.[33]
  • The Basilisk (British/ Hepworth) written and directed by Cecil B. Hepworth, starring William Felton and Alma Taylor; yet another adaptation of George du Maurier's 1894 novel Trilby; prints were tinted green for theatrical release.[34]
  • Batty Bill and the Suicide Club (French/ Gaston Melies) one of ten "Batty Bill" short comedies released in 1914.[33]
  • The Bells (British/ Gaumont) starring H. B. Irving, Frank Keenan and Joseph Dowling, based on the Erckmann-Chatrian novel Le Juif Polonaise; some sources claim this film was announced but never actually made.[34][35]
  • The Bells (U.S./ Sawyer's Features) yet another (lost) adaptation of the Erckmann-Chatrian novel Le Juif Polonaise [34]
  • Botan Doro/ translation: The Peony Lantern (Japanese/ Nikkatsu Kyoto) one of the earliest Japanese horror films, directed by Shozo Makino, starring Matsunosuke Onoe; based on a 1892 Kabuki play called Kaidan Botan Doro.[35]
  • By the Sun's Rays (Universal) starring Lon Chaney, Agnes Vernon and Murdock MacQuarrie; Chaney's earliest existing film.[36]
  • A Christmas Carol (British) written and directed by Harold Shaw, starring Charles Rock and George Bellamy; based on the Charles Dickens novel.[37]
  • The Chimes (British/ Hepworth) written and directed by Thomas Bentley, produced by Cecil Hepworth, starring Warwick Buckland and Stewart Rome, based on the story by Charles Dickens.[35]
  • The Chimes (U.S. Amusement Corp.) another adaptation of the Charles Dickens story; written and directed by Herbert Blache, starring Tom Terriss and Faye Cusick.[35]
  • The Crimson Moth (Biograph) directed by Travis Vale, starring Jack Drumier and Louise Vale (who died of the Spanish Flu in 1918).[37][35]
  • The Crown of Richard III (French/Pathe) remade in U.S. in 1939 as Tower of London[38]
  • Curse of the Scarabee Ruby (Gaumont/Eclipse/Urban) a French-British co-production inspired by both of the novels The Moonstone and Trilby, produced by Charles Urban.[38]
  • A Deal with the Devil aka Den Mystiske Fremmede (Denmark/ Nordisk) directed by Holger-Madsen, starring Olaf Fonss, Ebba Thomsen and Alf Blutecher; storyline was based on Faust.[38]
  • The Diamond of Disaster (Thanhouser Films) directed by Carroll Fleming, written by Fleming's brother Phil Lonergan, starring J. S. Murray and Ernest Warde[37][39]
  • Discord and Harmony (Gold Seal/ Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney, Pauline Bush and Murdock MacQuarrie[40]
  • Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Done to a Frazzle (Crystal-Superba/ Warners) satire of the Robert Louis Stevenson novella, starring Charles De Forrest[37][39]
  • Doctor Polly (Vitagraph) A haunted house comedy directed by Wilfred North and Wally Van, starring Lillian Walker, Josie Sadler and Wally Van.[39]
  • The Dream Woman (Blache Prods.) written and directed by Alice Guy-Blache, starring Fraunie Fraunholz and Claire Whitney; based on the 1859 Wilkie Collins novel, The Woman in White[39]
  • The Embezzler (Gold Seal/ Universal) directed by Allan Dawan, starring Lon Chaney, Pauline Bush and Murdock MacQuarrie[41]
  • The End of the Feud (Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney, Pauline Bush and Murdock MacQuarrie.[42]
  • The Fakir's Spell (British/ Dreadnought Films) directed by Frank Newman, starring Idleton Newman; features a killer ape; some plot elements from this film turned up later in The Reptile (1965) and The Oblong Box (1969).[26][39]
  • The Forbidden Room, aka The Web of Circumstance (Bison/ Universal Pictures) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Murdock MacQuarrie, Pauline Bush and Lon Chaney; a lost film.[26][43]
  • The Forces of Evil, aka The Dominant Will (Eclair/ Leading Players) based on the George du Maurier novel Trilby.[44]
  • Fune Yurei, translation Ghost Ship (Japanese/ Nikkatsu) directed by Shozo Makino, starring Matsunosuke Onoe [44]
  • The Ghost of the Mine (Eclair American) starring Robert Frazer and Edna Payne; filmed in Tucson, Arizona; an early horror-western hybrid.[44]
  • Ghosts (British/ Close Prods.) produced by Elwin Neame and (his wife) Ivy Close (who starred in the film).[45]
  • Guarding Britain's Secrets, aka The Fiends of Hell (British/ Walturdaw) directed by Charles Calvert, starring Douglas Payne and Dr. Nikola Hamilton (who also wrote the screenplay).[26][39]
  • Hands Invisible (Powers Films) written and directed by Edwin August, who also starred in it; similar in plot to the later Hands of Orlac (1920).[45]
  • Her Bounty (Universal) directed by Joseph De Grasse, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush[46]
  • Her Escape (Universal) directed by Joseph De Grasse, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush; Chaney plays a blind man in this film.[47]
  • Her Grave Mistake (Universal) starring Lon Chaney, Murdock MacQuarrie and Agnes Vernon [48]
  • Her Life's Story (Universal) directed by Joseph De Grasse, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush; based on a poem "The Cross" by Miriam Bade Rasmus.[49]
  • Hidden Death, aka La Mort qui Frole (French/ Gaumont Films) directed by Jean Durand [26]
  • The Higher Law (Universal) directed by Charles Giblyn, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush, a sequel to The Oubliette (1914).[50]
  • The Honor of the Mounted (Gold Seal/ Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush[51]
  • The Hopes of Blind Alley (Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush[48]
  • The Hound of the Baskervilles aka La Chien des Baskerville (French/ Pathe) another adaptation of the famous novel by Arthur Conan Doyle[21]
  • The Hound of the Baskervilles Parts 1 and 2 (German film); Part One was called "The Hound of the Baskervilles" and Part Two was called "The Solitary House"; directed by Rudolf Meinert for Vitascope, written by Richard Oswald, starring Alwin Neuss as Sherlock Holmes; later edited down into a single feature version; two concluding parts came out in 1915 (see 1915 for Parts 3 and 4)
  • The House of Fear (U.S./ Lubin) directed by Siegmund Lubin, starring Rosetta Brice; based on a story by Emmett C. Hall.[52]
  • The Hypnotic Violinist (Denmark/ Filmfabrikken) starring Emilie Sannom, Rasmus Ottesen and Soren Fjelstrup[52]
  • The Imp Abroad (Victor Films) produced and directed by Harry Rivier, starring Rupert Julian and Elsie Jane Wilson.[52]
  • The Invisible Power (Kalem) directed by George Melford, starring Paul Hurst and William H. West, yet another film adaptation of the George du Maurier novel Trilby.[52]
  • Jane Eyre (Imp/ Universal Pictures) directed by Frank Hall Crane, starring Ethel Grandin and Irving Cummings, based on the 1847 Charlotte Bronte novel.[27]
  • Jane Eyre (Whitman) directed by Martin Faust, starring Lisbeth Blackstone, John Charles and Mary Fry Clements[27]
  • Kaidan Asamagatake, aka The Ghost Story of Mount Asamagatake (Japanese/ Nikkatsu) directed by Shozo Makino, starring Matsunosuke Onoe.[27]
  • The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf (Bison/ Universal) written and directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney, Murdock MacQuarrie and Pauline Bush[53]
  • The Lie (Gold Seal/ Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney and Murdock MacQuarrie[54]
  • Lights and Shadows (Universal) directed by Joseph De Grasse, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush.[55]
  • The Lion, the Lamb, the Man (Universal) directed by Joseph De Grasse, starring Lon Chaney, Pauline Bush and Millard K. Wilson[55]
  • The Menace to Carlotta (Rex/ Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, written by Lon Chaney, starring Lon Chaney, Murdock MacQuarrie and Pauline Bush.[40]
  • A Miner's Romance (Universal) starring Lon Chaney and Murdock MacQuarrie[46]
  • The Miser's Conversion (Thanhouser) starring Sydney Bracy; features man-into-ape transformation.[56]
  • Murders in the Rue Morgue (Rosenberg Films) based on the story by Edgar Allan Poe[57]
  • The Mystery of Edwin Drood, co-directed by Herbert Blache and Tom Terriss, starring Tom Terriss and Rodney Hickok; based on the 1870 Charles Dickens novel; film was remade again in 1935 by Universal Pictures.[58]
  • The Mystery of Grayson Hall (Eclair Films) starring Lindsay J. Hall and Fred Hearn[57]
  • Naidra, the Dream Worker (Edison Prods.) features a cursed mummy's necklace.[57]
  • The Necklace of Rameses (Thomas Edison Prods.) directed by Charles Brabin, starring William Bechtel and Gertrude Braun.[58]
  • A Night of Thrills (Universal/ Rex) directed by Joseph De Grasse, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush; a haunted house comedy.[57][59]
  • Okazaki no neko, translation: The Ghost-Cat of Okazaki (Nikkatsu) directed by Shozo Makino, starring Matsunosuke Onoe; based on an 1827 kabuki play which in turn was based on an 1820s Japanese novel called Shank's Mare.[60]
  • The Old Cobbler (Universal) directed by Murdock MacQuarrie (who also starred in the film), also starring Lon Chaney and Agnes Vernon[61]
  • The Oubliette (Universal) medieval adventure film directed by Charles Giblyn, starring Lon Chaney and Murdock MacQuarrie; film still exists.[62]
  • Out of the Far East (Imp/ Universal Pictures) directed by Frank H. Crane, starring Stuart Paton and Leah Baird; re-released in 1917 as Eyes in the Dark.[60]
  • The Phantom Light (Bison Films) directed by Henry McRae, starring William Clifford and Marie Walcamp[63]
  • The Phantom Violin (Universal Pictures) directed by Francis Ford (who also starred in the film), starring Grace Cunard (who also wrote the screenplay) and Harry Schumm.[63]
  • The Quest for the Sacred Jewel (U.S.-French co-production/ Pathe) directed by George Fitzmaurice, starring Charles Arling and Edna Mayo; another adaptation of the 1868 Wilkie Collins novel, The Moonstone.[63]
  • A Ranch Romance (Nestor/ Universal) starring Murdock MacQuarrie, Lon Chaney and Agnes Vernon
  • Remember Mary Magdalen (Victor/ Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney, Murdock MacQuarrie and Pauline Bush[51]
  • Richelieu (Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney, Murdock MacQuarrie and Pauline Bush.[50]
  • Ruslan i Ljudmila (Russian) directed by Ladislav Starevich, starring Ivan Mosjoukine as Satan; based on the poem by Alexander Pushkin.[64]
  • Ein Seltsamer Fall (translation: A Strange Case) (Germany/ Vitascope) directed by Max Mack, written by Richard Oswald, starring Alwin Neuss and Hanni Weiss; an unofficial film adaptation of the Robert Louis Stevenson novella Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde; existing prints run about 30 minutes instead of the original's 50-minute length.[26]
  • A Small Town Girl (Universal) directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney, Pauline Bush and Rupert Julian; film was released in November, 1914, although some sources say 1915.[49]
  • The Spiritist, aka The Spiritualist (Denmark/ Nordisk) directed by Holger Madsen, starring Marie Dinesen and Vibeke Kroyer[65]
  • The Strange Case of Princess Khan, produced by William G. Selig, directed by Edward J. LeSaint, starring Stella Razeto[65]
  • A Study in Scarlet (British) directed by George Pearson, based on the famous Arthur Conan Doyle novel, starring James Bragington as Sherlock Holmes
  • A Study in Scarlet (U.S.) directed by Francis Ford for Universal Pictures, based on the famous Arthur Conan Doyle novel, starring Francis Ford as Sherlock Holmes and Jack Francis as Watson
  • The Suicide Club (British/ Apex Films) produced by Maurice Elvey, starring Elizabeth Risdon and Montagu Love; based on the story by Robert Louis Stevenson, which was remade in 1936 as Trouble for Two.[64]
  • Svengali (Austrian/ Wiener Kunstfilm) directed by Luise Kolm and Jakob Fleck, starring Ferdinand Bonn; based on the novel Trilby by George du Maurier.[64]
  • The Temptations of Satan (U.S. Amusement) directed by Herbert Blache, starring Vinnie Burns, Fraunie Fraunholz and James O'Neill as Satan.[64]
  • The Tragedy of Whispering Creek (Bison/ Universal) written and directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaneyand Pauline Bush [42]
  • Trilby (British) produced by Harold Shaw, starring Herbert Tree and Viva Birkett; based on George du Maurier's novel of the same name.[64]
  • The Unlawful Trade (Rex/Universal) written and directed by Allan Dwan, starring Lon Chaney, Pauline Bush and Murdock MacQuarrie [66]
  • The Vampire (Eclair Films) plot features a large vampire bat.[67]
  • Vendetta (French/ Eclipse) directed by Louis Mereanton, starring Regina Badet; based on the novel of the same name by Marie Corelli.[67]
  • The Vij (Russian) written and directed by Ladislas Starevitch, starring Ivan Mosjoukine and Olga Obolenskaya; based on the story by Gogol; remade later as Black Sunday (1960).[67]
  • Virtue Is Its Own Reward, aka Virtue Its Own Reward (Universal) directed by Joseph De Grasse, starring Lon Chaney and Pauline Bush[68]
  • The White Spectre (General Films)[67]
  • The White Wolf (Nestor Films/ Universal) plot involves a werewolf transformation.[67]
  • Woman of Mystery (Blache Prods.) written and directed by Alice Guy-Blache; starring Vinnie Burns, Claire Whitney and Fraunie Fraunholz; plot involves split personalities and spirit control.[67]
  • Yoshiwara kaidan: Teburi bozu (Japanese/ Nikkatsu) directed by Shozo Makino, starring Matsunosuke Onoe; another adaptation of the 1825 Japanese kabuki play, Yotsuya kaidan.[69]

Short film series

[edit]

Births

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

Film debuts

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, p. 1-13, ISBN 0-8131-2324-0
  2. ^ Blanke, David (2002). The 1910s. American popular culture through history (Illustrated ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-313-31251-9.
  3. ^ Robinson, David (1986) [First published 1985]. Chaplin: His Life and Art. London: Paladin. p. 113. ISBN 0-586-08544-0.
  4. ^ Chaplin, Charles (2003) [First published 1964]. My Autobiography. London: Penguin Classics. p. 145. ISBN 0-141-01147-5.
  5. ^ "Profit Sharing for Movies". The New York Times. December 14, 1914. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  6. ^ "L. J. Selznick Dies; A Film Pioneer". The New York Times. January 26, 1933. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  7. ^ Katz, Ephraim (1998). The Film Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. p. 1237. ISBN 0-06-273492-X.
  8. ^ Koszarski, Richard (2004). Fort Lee: The Film Town. Rome, Italy: John Libbey Publishing-CIC srl. ISBN 0-86196-653-8.
  9. ^ "Studios and Films". Fort Lee Film Commission. Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
  10. ^ Fort Lee Film Commission (2006). Fort Lee, Birthplace of the Motion Picture Industry. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4501-5.
  11. ^ According to Martin Scorsese. Ebert, Roger (2006-07-02). "The stuff of dreams". Roger Ebert.com. Retrieved 2020-08-11.
  12. ^ "Lubin's Big Blaze". Variety: 20. 1914-06-19. Retrieved 2021-09-14 – via Internet Archive.
  13. ^ "New Film Factory in Hertfordshire". Kinematograph & Lantern Weekly. 1 October 1914. p. 10.
  14. ^ "The All Time Best Sellers". International Motion Picture Almanac 1937–38. Quigley Publishing Company. p. 942. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813123240.
  16. ^ Pickford, Lottie (August 24, 1914). "The House Of Bondage" – via memory.loc.gov.
  17. ^ "Home".
  18. ^ a b "The Fantomas Website: The Films". www.fantomas-lives.com.
  19. ^ "Other titles of 'Making a Living'". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  20. ^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 60. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  21. ^ a b Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 65. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  22. ^ Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, p. 19-21, ISBN 0-8131-2324-0
  23. ^ Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, p. 14-18, ISBN 0-8131-2324-0
  24. ^ Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, p. 23-26, ISBN 0-8131-2324-0
  25. ^ Birchard, Robert S. (2004). Cecil B. DeMille's Hollywood. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky, p. 30-33, ISBN 0-8131-2324-0
  26. ^ a b c d e f g Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 63. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  27. ^ a b c d Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  28. ^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  29. ^ "Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List". silentera.com.
  30. ^ "Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List". silentera.com.
  31. ^ "Silent Era : Progressive Silent Film List". silentera.com.
  32. ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  33. ^ a b Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  34. ^ a b c Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 61. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  35. ^ a b c d e Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  36. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 21. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  37. ^ a b c d Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 62. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  38. ^ a b c Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  39. ^ a b c d e f Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  40. ^ a b Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 13. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  41. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 14. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  42. ^ a b Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 16. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  43. ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  44. ^ a b c Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  45. ^ a b Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  46. ^ a b Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 23. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  47. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 31. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  48. ^ a b Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 20. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  49. ^ a b Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 28. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  50. ^ a b Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 25. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  51. ^ a b Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 12. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  52. ^ a b c d Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  53. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 15. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  54. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 11. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  55. ^ a b Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 29. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  56. ^ Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 66. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  57. ^ a b c d Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 67. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  58. ^ a b Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  59. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 30. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  60. ^ a b Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  61. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 18. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  62. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 22. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  63. ^ a b c Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 139. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  64. ^ a b c d e Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 68. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  65. ^ a b Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  66. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 17. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  67. ^ a b c d e f Kinnard,Roy (1995). "Horror in Silent Films". McFarland and Company Inc. Page 69. ISBN 0-7864-0036-6.
  68. ^ Blake, Michael F. (1998). "The Films of Lon Chaney". Vestal Press Inc. Page 27. ISBN 1-879511-26-6.
  69. ^ Workman, Christopher; Howarth, Troy (2016). "Tome of Terror: Horror Films of the Silent Era". Midnight Marquee Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-1936168-68-2.
  70. ^ Chase's Calendar of Events 2020: The Ultimate Go-to Guide for Special Days, Weeks and Months. Rowman & Littlefield. 24 September 2019. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-64143-316-7.
  71. ^ Hans J. Wollstein (1994). Strangers in Hollywood: the history of Scandinavian actors in American films from 1910 to World War II. Scarecrow Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-8108-2938-1. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  72. ^ United States. Congress. House Appropriations (1967). Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for 1968: Hearings ... 90th Congress, 1st Session. p. 468.
  73. ^ Patricia Burgess; Trish Burgess (August 1989). Annual Obituary, 1986. Saint James Press. p. 287. ISBN 978-1-55862-013-1.
  74. ^ Piers Paul Read (21 June 2005). Alec Guinness: The Authorised Biography. Simon and Schuster. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7432-4498-5.
  75. ^ James E. Wise (Jr.); Anne Collier Rehill (1999). Stars in the Corps: Movie Actors in the United States Marines. Naval Institute Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-55750-949-9.
  76. ^ Hal May; Ann Evory (February 1986). Contemporary Authors. Gale Research International, Limited. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-8103-1916-5.
  77. ^ Mel Gussow (April 11, 2001). "Beatrice Straight, Versatile Star, Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-01-21.
  78. ^ Robyn Karney (1984). The Movie Stars Story. Crescent Books. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-517-43736-0.
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