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Aomori

Coordinates: 40°49′22″N 140°44′49″E / 40.82278°N 140.74694°E / 40.82278; 140.74694
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(Redirected from Aomori City)
This article is about the Japanese city. For the prefecture that is named after this city, see Aomori Prefecture. For other uses, see Aomori (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Māori language or Amorites.

Aomori
青森市
Core city
Aomori City
From top to bottom, left to right: The Hakkōda Mountains, Aomori Nebuta Matsuri, Sannai-Maruyama Site, Seikan Ferry Memorial Ship Hakkōda Maru, the waterfront of Aomori as seen from Aomori Bay, the Aomori City Forestry Museum, and Asamushi Onsen
From top to bottom, left to right: The Hakkōda Mountains, Aomori Nebuta Matsuri, Sannai-Maruyama Site, Seikan Ferry Memorial Ship Hakkōda Maru, the waterfront of Aomori as seen from Aomori Bay, the Aomori City Forestry Museum, and Asamushi Onsen
Flag of Aomori
Flag
Official seal of Aomori
Seal
Map
Location of Aomori in Aomori Prefecture
Location of Aomori
Aomori is located in Japan
Aomori
Aomori
Coordinates: 40°49′22″N 140°44′49″E / 40.82278°N 140.74694°E / 40.82278; 140.74694
Country Japan
RegionTōhoku
Prefecture Aomori
Utō-mura?
Aomori-mura1626
Aomori-machi1 April 1889
Aomori-shi1 April 1898
Government
 • MayorHideki Nishi (since June 2023)
Area
 • Core city
824.61 km2 (318.38 sq mi)
Elevation
0 to 1,584 m (0 to 5,197 ft)
Population
 (1 August 2023)
 • Core city
264,945
 • Density320/km2 (830/sq mi)
 • Metro
310,640
DemonymAomorian
Time zoneUTC+09:00 (JST)
Area code02201-2
Phone number017-734-1111
Address1-22-5 Chūō, Aomori-shi, Aomori-ken
Expressways
WebsiteOfficial website
Symbols
BirdUral owl
FlowerRosa rugosa
InsectFirefly
TreeMaries' fir
Aomori City Hall
Hakkoda Ropeway

Aomori (Japanese: 青森, Hepburn: Aomori, IPA: [aoꜜmoɾi]; lit. "Blue Forest"), officially Aomori City (青森市, Aomori-shi), is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, in the Tōhoku region of Japan. As of 1 August 2023, the city had an estimated population of 264,945 in 136,781 households,[1] and a population density of 321 people per square kilometer spread over the city's total area of 824.61 km2 (318.38 sq mi). Aomori is one of Japan's 62 core cities and the core of the Aomori metropolitan area.[2]

Geography

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Aomori is located in central Aomori Prefecture, the northernmost prefecture of Honshu. It is located in the northeastern part of the Tsugaru region, which refers to the western half of the prefecture, and is centered on Aomori Plain, facing Aomori Bay, a branch bay of Mutsu Bay, to the north, and the Hakkōda and Higashidake Mountains, which are the northern end of the Ōu Mountains to the south to the east. Among other smaller rivers, the city has two large rivers flowing through it, the Komagome River and its tributary, the Arakawa River. Parts of the city in the southeast are within the borders of Towada-Hachimantai National Park and is a tourist destination throughout the four seasons. In the northeast is Asamushi-Natsudomari Prefectural Natural Park. There are many hot springs in the city, including Sukayu Onsen at the foot of Mt. Hakkōda and Asamushi Onsen on the coast.

View of Aomori from Aomori Bay with Hakkōda Mountains

Surrounding municipalities

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Aomori Prefecture

Climate

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Like most of the Tōhoku region, Aomori has a humid temperate climate with warm summers, and cold, though not extreme, winters. The city has a cold, humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) closely bordering the Humid Subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) using the 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm with both January and February monthly averages being too cold to be of the latter, characterized by warm, short summers and long, cold winters with heavy snowfall. The average annual temperature in Aomori is 10.7 °C (51.3 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,285 mm (50.6 in) with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 23.5 °C (74.3 °F), and lowest in January, at around −2.1 °C (28.2 °F).[3]

Aomori and the surrounding areas are known for having the heaviest snowfall in the world.[4] In February 1945, the city recorded a maximum snow cover of 209 cm (82 in), but the record low of −24.7 °C (−12 °F) was recorded 14 years earlier. In contrast, Sapporo's heaviest snowfall which occurred in 1939 was 164 cm (65 in), and Wakkanai which is located further north has recorded similar maxima. The particularly heavy snow is caused by several winds that collide around the city and make the air rise and cool, resulting in quick, thick cloud formation followed by intense precipitation.

In summer, a cool wind called "Yamase" often blows from the east, which sometimes results in abnormally cool weather and poor harvests. Additionally, thick fogs from the Oyashio Current are often observed in mountainous areas in the summer. Due to this fog, flights to Aomori Airport are often cancelled.[5]

Climate data for Aomori (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1882−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.5
(56.3) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		28.3
(82.9) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		35.9
(96.6) 		36.7
(98.1) 		36.1
(97.0) 		30.5
(86.9) 		24.1
(75.4) 		21.1
(70.0) 		36.7
(98.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.8
(35.2) 		2.7
(36.9) 		6.8
(44.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		18.8
(65.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		24.5
(76.1) 		18.3
(64.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		4.5
(40.1) 		14.9
(58.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.9
(30.4) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		2.8
(37.0) 		8.5
(47.3) 		13.7
(56.7) 		17.6
(63.7) 		21.8
(71.2) 		23.5
(74.3) 		19.9
(67.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		7.2
(45.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		10.7
(51.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		4.1
(39.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		14.1
(57.4) 		18.6
(65.5) 		20.0
(68.0) 		15.8
(60.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		7.1
(44.8)
Record low °C (°F) −23.5
(−10.3) 		−24.7
(−12.5) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.5
(43.7) 		8.9
(48.0) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		−12.1
(10.2) 		−20.6
(−5.1) 		−24.7
(−12.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 139.9
(5.51) 		99.0
(3.90) 		75.2
(2.96) 		68.7
(2.70) 		76.7
(3.02) 		75.0
(2.95) 		129.5
(5.10) 		142.0
(5.59) 		133.0
(5.24) 		119.2
(4.69) 		137.4
(5.41) 		155.2
(6.11) 		1,350.7
(53.18)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 195
(77) 		141
(56) 		64
(25) 		4
(1.6) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		23
(9.1) 		143
(56) 		567
(223)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.5 mm) 24.0 20.0 16.7 12.2 11.3 9.5 10.2 10.8 11.6 14.6 18.9 23.6 183.3
Average relative humidity (%) 78 76 70 65 71 78 80 78 76 73 73 78 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 48.5 72.3 126.0 179.1 201.4 180.0 161.4 178.0 162.4 144.4 85.4 50.4 1,589.2
Source: Japan Meteorological Agency[6][7]

Demographics

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A person living in or from Aomori is referred to as an Aomorian.[8] Per Japanese census data,[9] the population of Aomori has remained relatively steady over the past 40 years.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1920 48,941—    
1930 77,103+4.65%
1940 99,065+2.54%
1950 106,417+0.72%
1960 235,116+8.25%
1970 261,743+1.08%
1980 309,768+1.70%
1990 308,782−0.03%
2000 318,732+0.32%
2010 299,520−0.62%
2020 275,340−0.84%
2023 264,945−1.27%

Etymology

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Rhinoceros auklet (ウトウ)

The original name of the Aomori was Utō, named for the Rhinoceros auklet (ウトウ), a seabird that is closely related to the puffin. In 1626 the name was changed to Aomori (青森) "blue forest", but this was not fully embraced until 1783.[10]

History

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Sannai-Maruyama Site

Aomori literally means blue forest, although it could possibly be translated as "green forest". The name is generally considered to refer to a small forest on a hill which existed near the town. This forest was often used by fishermen as a landmark. A different theory suggests the name might have been derived from the Ainu language.[11][12]

The area has been settled extensively since prehistoric times, and numerous Jōmon period sites have been found by archaeologists, the most famous being the Sannai-Maruyama Site located just southwest of the city center dating to 5500–4000 BC, and the Komakino Site slightly farther south dating to around 4000 BC. The large scale of these settlements revolutionized theories on Jōmon period civilization. During the Heian period, the area was part of the holdings of the Northern Fujiwara clan, but remained inhabited by the Emishi people well into the historic period. After the fall of the Northern Fujiwara in the Kamakura period, the territory was part of the domain assigned to the Nambu clan, and into the Sengoku period, it came under the control of the rival Tsugaru clan, whose main castle was located in Namioka. After the start of the Edo period, what would become the core of present-day Aomori was a minor port settlement in the Hirosaki Domain called Utō (善知鳥村, Utō-mura). The town was rebuilt in 1626 under orders of the daimyō, Tsugaru Nobuhira and renamed "Aomori", but this name did not come into common use until after 1783; however, the historical accuracy of this claim is debated since there is no written material from the time to definitively connect Utō to Aomori. Some evidence even claims that Aomori and Utō co-existed in different parts of the city in its current state. It was not until 1909 that a local scholar claimed that the village of Utō became Aomori.[10]

After the Meiji Restoration, the feudal domains were abolished and replaced with prefectures, of which a total of six were initially created in the territory of modern Aomori Prefecture. These were merged into the short-lived Hirosaki Prefecture in July 1871.[citation needed] However, due to the historic enmity between the former Tsugaru territories in the west and the former Nambu territories in the east, the prefectural capital was relocated from Hirosaki to the more centrally-located Aomori immediately after the merger and the prefecture was renamed Aomori Prefecture on 23 September 1871. However, the municipality of Aomori was not given town status within Higashitsugaru District until 1 April 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. It was later designated as a city on 1 April 1898.[citation needed]

The Hokkaidō Colonization Office began operations of a ferry service from Aomori to Hakodate in Hokkaido from 1872. In September 1891, Aomori was connected with Tokyo by rail with the opening of the Tōhoku Main Line. The Ōu Main Line running along the Sea of Japan coast opened in December 1894. The development of modern Aomori was primarily due to its prefectural capital status and the singular importance as the terminus of these rail lines and the Seikan Ferry, which officially opened in 1908.[citation needed] The 8th Division of the Imperial Japanese Army were stationed in Aomori from 1896. In the winter of 1902, 199 of 210 soldiers on a military cold-weather readiness exercise perished while attempting to cross the Hakkōda Mountains from Aomori to Towada in what was later called the Hakkōda Mountains incident.

Much of the town burned down in a large fire on 3 May 1910.[13] The port facilities were expanded in 1924, and the city received its first bus services in 1926.[citation needed] Japan Air Transport began scheduled air services from 1937.

Towards the final stages of World War II, on the night of 28–29 July 1945, Aomori was subject to an air raid as part of the strategic bombing campaign waged by the United States against military and civilian targets and population centers during the Japan home islands campaign. The 28–29 July bombing claimed 1,767 lives and destroyed 88% of the city.[citation needed]

In the post-war period, Aomori was rebuilt as the local political and commercial center. The Tsugaru Line railway opened between Aomori Station and Kanita Station in 1951. Aomori Airport was opened in 1964 in nearby Namioka.[14] The city was connected to Tokyo by highway in 1979 with the opening of the Tōhoku Expressway.[15] Construction began on a new airport within the city of Aomori in 1982. Aomori's landmark pyramidal Aomori Prefecture Tourist Center opened in 1986. The new airport was completed on 19 July 1987.[14] On 1 October 2002, Aomori was proclaimed a core city, granting it an increased level of local autonomy.

On 1 April 2005, Aomori absorbed the town of Namioka to create the new and expanded city of Aomori; but lost a portion of Namioka to the town of Fujisaki (from Minamitsugaru District) on 1 September 2007.[16][17]

Government

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Aomori has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 35 members. The city also contributes 10 members of the 48 member Aomori Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city falls within the Aomori 1st district, a single-member constituency of the House of Representatives in the national Diet of Japan, which also includes the city of Mutsu, the Higashitsugaru District, the Shimokita District, and the northern half of the Kamikita District.[18]

Economy

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Aomori serves as the regional commercial center for central Aomori Prefecture. Agriculture and commercial fishing form only 4% of the city economy, with manufacturing forming 16.2% and the service sector forming 78.2%.

Education

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Aomori is the only prefectural capital in Japan which has no national university, instead, nearby Hirosaki became the site for the prefecture's highest educational facility. The city has 45 public elementary schools and 19 public junior high schools operated by the city government, as well as two private junior high schools. The city has 10 public high schools operated by the Aomori Prefectural Board of Education and three private high schools. The prefecture also operates eight special education schools for the handicapped.

Transportation

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Airport

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Railways

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Aomori Station has been the main station of the city since 1891. The two trunk lines of the Tōhoku region, the Tōhoku Main Line (now the Aoimori Railway) and the Ōu Main Line, terminated at Aomori Station and continued to Hakodate by the Seikan Ferry. In 1988, Seikan Tunnel replaced the ferry's role as the connector of Honshu and Hokkaido's rail networks, but the station still functioned as the connecting point between main line trains and trains for the Aomori-Hakodate section.

The Tōhoku Shinkansen opened in 2010 with a new terminal at Shin-Aomori Station. The Shinkansen provides high-speed service between Shin-Aomori, Hachinohe, Morioka, Sendai and Tokyo. East Japan Railway Company (JR East) – Tōhoku Shinkansen

JR East – Ōu Main Line

JR East – Tsugaru Line

Aoimori Railway Line

Highways

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Seaports

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Sports

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Aomori has hosted several international curling events, two in 2003 (including the Asian Winter Games), and the local women's "Team Aomori" was selected to represent Japan at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy[1] and at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. From 17 to 25 March 2007, Aomori hosted the World Women's Curling Championships[2].

Sports facilities

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Parks and recreation

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Gappo Park is Aomori's oldest public park and its most iconic green space. Located to the east of the center of the city, it contains a public beach, water gardens, various ornamental trees, and the Aomori City Baseball Stadium.[19] Other parks in the city include the centrally-located Aoimori Park[20],Aoimori Central Park, and Nogiwa Park.[21]

Local attractions

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A float from Aomori's Nebuta Festival
The Memorial Statue of the Hakkoda Death March portrays Fusanosuke Gotō

Aomori Nebuta Matsuri is a famous festival performed from 2–7 August annually and is listed as one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment.[22] Besides this, major attractions of Aomori include ruins, museums, and mountains. The Hakkōda Mountains have good locations for trekking with hot spas (onsen), such as Sukayu Onsen.[citation needed]

Sister cities

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Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ "人口・世帯数等（住民基本台帳）" [Population and number of households (Basic Resident Register)] (in Japanese). 1 April 2020. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  2. ^ "2010 Metropolitan Employment Map". University of Tokyo. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  3. ^ "Aomori climate data". Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  4. ^ Ogura, Junko; Jensen, Jon (25 February 2019). "Aomori, Japan: World's snowiest city?". CNN. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  5. ^ Hiroshi Takai (2006). "Characteristics of the Yamase Winds over Oceans around Japan Observed by the Scatterometer-Derived Ocean Surface Vector Winds". Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. pp. 365–373. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  6. ^ 気象庁 / 平年値（年・月ごとの値）. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  7. ^ "x.com".
  8. ^ Nanette Gottlieb (2012). Language in Public Spaces in Japan. Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0415818391. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  9. ^ "Aomori population statistics". Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  10. ^ a b "「青森」地名伝承の誤解＝４１" (in Japanese). 1 February 2016. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  11. ^ "My Trip to Aomori, Japan for three nights and four days". The Korea Times. 29 December 2016. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  12. ^ "Aomori Ferries". www.ferryto.co.nz. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  13. ^ "Aomori in the Modern Era/ Meiji to Showa | あおもり北のまほろば歴史館". kitanomahoroba.jp. Retrieved 20 December 2024.
  14. ^ a b "概要" [Overview]. Aomori Airport Administration Office. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  15. ^ "高速道路開通の歴史" [Expressway History] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  16. ^ "青森市が進めるコンパクトシティについて" [Aomori Compact City Promotion] (in Japanese). April 2007. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  17. ^ "広報あおもり平成19年9月15日号PDF版" [Aomori Public Information 15 September Heisei 19-PDF version] (PDF). Aomori Official Website (in Japanese). Aomori City. 19 September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  18. ^ "青森県の衆議院小選挙区の区割りについて(平成29年以降)" [About the division of Aomori Prefecture's House of Representatives single-member constituency (2017-)] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  19. ^ "面積広げた合浦公園-１４" [Expanded area of Gappo Park-14]. Mutsu Shimpō (in Japanese). 3 November 2014. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  20. ^ "青い森公園" [Aoimori Park] (in Japanese). Aomori Prefecture Government. 8 May 2020. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  21. ^ "都市公園" [City parks] (in Japanese). Aomori City. 16 January 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  22. ^ "100 Soundscapes of Japan". Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  23. ^ "Sannai-Maruyama Site official website". Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 8 June 2005.
  24. ^ "青森・函館ツインシティ" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  25. ^ a b c d "International Exchange". List of Affiliation Partners within Prefectures. Council of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR). Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
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