Jump to content

Plaistow, Newham

Coordinates: 51°31′27″N 0°01′28″E / 51.5243°N 0.0245°E / 51.5243; 0.0245
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Plaistow (UK Parliament constituency) or Plaistow, New Hampshire.
For other places called Plaistow, see Plaistow.

Plaistow
Plaistow Underground station
Greengate Street, Plaistow
Plaistow is located in Greater London
Plaistow
Plaistow
Location within Greater London
Population31,874 (2011 Census. Plaistow North and South Wards)
OS grid referenceTQ405825
London borough
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLONDON
Postcode districtE13
Dialling code020
PoliceMetropolitan
FireLondon
AmbulanceLondon
UK Parliament
London Assembly
List of places
UK
England
London
51°31′27″N 0°01′28″E / 51.5243°N 0.0245°E / 51.5243; 0.0245

Plaistow (/ˈplɑːstoʊ/ ⓘ PLAHST-oh or /ˈplæstoʊ/ PLAST-oh)[1][2] is a suburban area of East London, England, within the London Borough of Newham. It adjoins Upton Park to the north, East Ham to the east, Beckton to the south, Canning Town to the south-west and West Ham to the west.

It was originally a ward in the parish of West Ham, hundred of Becontree, and part of the historic county of Essex. Since 1965, Plaistow has been part of the London Borough of Newham, a local government district of Greater London. The area forms the majority of the London E13 postcode district. Plaistow North and Plaistow South are two of the ten electoral wards making up the UK parliamentary constituency of West Ham.

The main roads are the A112; Prince Regent Lane, Greengate Street, The Broadway, High Street and Plaistow Road, which is a former Roman road; and the A124 (Barking Road), which passes south west/ north east through Plaistow and past the former West Ham United football ground. Commercial and retail premises are on the A112 at Greengate Street leading north and Prince Regent Lane south, leading 0.3 miles (0.5 km) to Newham Sixth Form College and along the A124.

Toponymy

[edit]

The name Plaistow is believed by some to come from Sir Hugh de Plaiz or Plaitz[3][4] who, in 1065, married Philippa de Montfitchet, of the Mountfitchet Castle family, who owned the district. It is she who is reputed to have named it the Manor of Plaiz.[5]

However, in his book What's in a Name?, first published in 1977, author Cyril M. Harris states that c. 1200 Plaistow was recorded as Plagestoue, derived from the Old English pleg, meaning 'sport' or 'playing', and stowe 'place'. It was a place where miracle plays were performed so it was a 'playing place'.[6] While the book concentrates on the names of London railway stations, Harris could have confused Plaistow in Essex (and later London) with the Plaistow near Crich in Derbyshire, which is recorded as Plagestoue in the Darley Charters of 1200.[7] Nevertheless, the derivation from pleg + stowe could apply equally to all places named Plaistow, Plaister, etc.[7]

Plaistow in Essex is reported as appearing as Playstowe in the county's Patent Rolls of 1414.[7] This is also quoted by James Kemble, another who cites the derivation from pleg + stowe – a 'place for playing'.[8]

The book Fifty Years a Borough, 1886-1936, The Story of West Ham, compiled by Donald McDougall on behalf of West Ham County Borough Council, leans towards the derivation from Hugh de Plaiz, as Lord of the Manor, and that Plaistow was the Stow or village of the de Plaiz family.[9]

History

[edit]

Medieval and Tudor

[edit]

Hugh de Balun was a property-owner in the area in the 12th century and belonged to the same family as Hamelin de Balun.[10][11] Known as Balostret in the 1371 Calendar of Inquisitions Miscellaneous, Balaam /ˈbeɪləm/ Street is one of the oldest roads in Plaistow and is probably named after de Balun, though some argue its namesake is in fact a Walter Balame.[8]

In 1353, Sir Richard de Playz gave the manor of Plaistow to the abbot of Stratford-Langthorne.[12] When this abbey was dissolved the manor was appropriated by the Crown, and granted to Sir Roger Cholmeley in 1553.[12]

18th century

[edit]

Daniel Defoe's 1724 work, "Tour of the Eastern Counties" (part of his A Tour Thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain), mentions Plaistow as a town in which there had been much new building as well as repairs to existing houses since the Glorious Revolution.[13] Plaistow is connected with the legend of notorious highwayman Dick Turpin (born 1705; executed 1739). Several stories state that among Turpin’s first crimes was the theft of two oxen from his employer, a Mr Giles of Plaistow,[14][15][16] in 1730.[17] Turpin is alleged to also have run a smuggling gang which operated between Plaistow and Southend.[14]

Plaistow ward of West Ham Civil Parish in 1867.

In Aaron Hill's time there (1738–1750) Plaistow was a rural village described as a day's coach journey from Westminster,[18] despite it being a distance of only some 8 miles (13 km). The Black Lion public house in the High Street is one of the oldest landmarks in Plaistow and is reputed to date back to at least 1742.[19]

19th century

[edit]

Newly-appointed as pastor to a Congregationalist church in Plaistow, John Curwen opened the Plaistow Public School in 1844.[20][21] That year also saw Plaistow become a chapelry as well as an Anglican parish in its own right, split off from All Saints Church, West Ham; Plaistow's chapel of ease St Mary's became the new parish's church. Curwen also started a printing business in Plaistow in 1863.[22]

In the 1870s, John Marius Wilson described it in his Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales as a village, a chapelry and a ward in the Parish of West Ham in Essex.[23] The population of the chapelry was recorded as 11,214 in 1861.[23] James Thorne, in his 1876 work "Handbook to the Environs of London", mentions Plaistow, Essex, as a village and ecclesiastical district of West Ham parish with a population of 6,699.[24] Thorne recounts the changes to the old village of Plaistow, with the gentry, merchants and others of renown having gone and the occupations of the residents changed from agricultural and pastoral to manufacturing. In 1886 Plaistow became part of the new County Borough of West Ham.

The area gained several new Anglican churches in the second half of the 19th century – St Philip's in 1860, St Andrew's in 1868, St Katherine's in 1891, St Martin's in 1894 and St Thomas's in 1898. Only St Martin's and St Andrew's survive; St Andrew's is mentioned in Thorne's work and, like its adjoining vicarage (1871), is a grade II listed building.[25][26] John Curwen's son, John Spencer Curwen (who founded the Stratford & East London Music Festival – the oldest English music festival – in 1882),[27] published a paper called “Old Plaistow” in 1891[28] describing houses of the area.[29]

1900–1995

[edit]

It was not until 1905 that Plaistow was connected to the telephone network,[17] though it became its own UK Parliamentary constituency in 1918, consisting of the Plaistow and Hudsons wards of the County Borough of West Ham, plus part of the Canning Town ward. That constituency was subsumed into the West Ham constituency in 1950.

The Memorial Baptist Church was built in 1921 as a monument to the dead of the First World War.[30] Opened in 1922, it is now a grade II listed building.[31] Its ten Memorial Bells bear the names of more than 150 men who died in the fighting (the largest number of names on any set of bells in the world).[32] The bells were cleaned and restored using a National Heritage Lottery grant between February and August 2011[33] as part of a larger restoration project.[34]

Greengate House photographed in 2021

In 1921, the YMCA opened Greengate House on Greengate Street. Now a grade II listed building, it was once used as an Art college by the University of East London and students included Jake and Dinos Chapman.[35] In 2010 the building was demolished but the grand and ornate façade was retained and modernised and a new block of flats built behind it.[36][37]

The area was heavily damaged during the Blitz in the Second World War.[38] The Plaistow North area is largely made up of a local authority housing estate constructed in the 1960s on a bomb-damaged site. The estate used to include five 14-storey 1960s tower blocks but much has changed and the area has undergone a major redevelopment programme. The Black Lion public house was frequented by West Ham United football players especially such as Bobby Moore in the 1960s and '70s[39] with several West Ham footballers spotted in the area since.

In 1965 Plaistow became part of the new London Borough of Newham, formed when West Ham joined with the County Borough of East Ham and small parts of Barking and Woolwich.[40]

1995–present

[edit]

Just before the end of the 1990s a £92 million regeneration programme known as the Forest Gate and Plaistow SRB5 got under way, with the aim of renewing and revitalising neighbourhoods, creating jobs, building new homes and improving many existing ones.[41] West Ham and Plaistow New Deal for Communities ("NDC"), part of a government programme designed to tackle social exclusion, community safety, unemployment and low educational attainment in areas of severe need throughout the country, was awarded £54.6 million to bring about improvements to the local area over a 10-year period to 2010,[42] with the intention of improving the quality of life and providing more opportunities for residents in the West Ham and Plaistow area.

In March 2010,[43] the NDC set up Newham New Deal Partnership ("Newham NDP"), a Not-for-Profit organisation, to continue providing community benefit to the NDC area and beyond, and continue the work carried out over the 10 years of the NDC Programme.[44] Newham NDP works in partnership with the East London Business Alliance, East Thames Group, London Borough of Newham and One Housing Group[45] to provide community benefits to the area either directly or in partnership with other stakeholders. In March 2011 the Memorial Community Church was awarded money by the Big Lottery Fund Reaching Communities programme, to improve community facilities there.[46]

On 10 December 2012, Plaistow South was named as one of fifty areas of England to share in a Big Lottery Scheme grant of £200 million.[47] Plaistow South received £1 million to fund locally-designed projects to improve the area.[48] In January 2013, councillors approved a new housing development of both private and affordable homes on the site of the old Plaistow Hospital. Construction began in March 2013 with completion of Phase 1 in 2015[49] and Phase 2 in 2016.

Amenities

[edit]

Places of interest in the area include the 9.5 acres (3.8 ha) Plaistow Park (known as Balaam Street Recreation Ground from its opening in 1894 to its renaming in 1999[50]), and the 10 acres (4 ha) Memorial Park which merges into the East London Cemetery. There are several small parks in the area, with the large West Ham Park 1 mile (1.6 km) north.

In Plaistow are Newham Leisure Centre, and Newham University Hospital. Newham Sixth Form College's main campus is in the south-east, near the hospital.

The Terence McMillan Stadium, named for the first mayor of Newham, Terence McMillan, who occupied the position 1965 to 1966, is located in Plaistow, close to the hospital and the college. It is the former home of the Newham and Essex Beagles track and field athletics club and part of the Newham Leisure Centre. East End Road Runners is a running club based at the Newham Leisure Centre and was the recipient of England Athletics' award for London Development Club of the Year in 2011.[51] Non-league football teams Athletic Newham (formerly Lopes Tavares) and Fire United Christian play at the Terence McMillan Stadium,[52] which also became the home ground of Clapton, rivals of Athletic Newham in the Essex Senior League, in 2020.[53]

The West Ham Boys' Amateur Boxing Club is located at the rear of the Black Lion public house in High Street.[54]

The 59 Club, a charitable motorcycle club, is based in Plaistow and located in the Swift Centre in Barking Road.[55]

Education

[edit]
Further information: List of schools in Newham

Nathan Kemp, assistant headteacher at Tollgate Primary School in Plaistow,[56] won Teacher of the Year in the 2012 annual national Teaching Awards, the first ever overall Teacher of the Year instead of there being separate awards for primary and secondary schools.[57]

Michael Patient of Tollgate was one of the winners of a Pearson teaching award in 2014, winning a silver award for outstanding new teacher of the year.[58]

[edit]

The location for the video shoot of "(Keep Feeling) Fascination" by the Human League was a house, painted entirely in orange and surrounding terraced streets at the corner of First Avenue and Third Avenue in Plaistow. The area has since been redeveloped.[59]

"Plaistow Patricia" is a song from the highly acclaimed album New Boots and Panties!! by Ian Dury and the Blockheads released in 1977.

Radio

[edit]

Voice of Africa Radio (VOAR) was a multilanguage internet and local radio station broadcasting from Plaistow.[60][61] It was set up on 1 January 2000 and began as an unlicensed broadcaster, not obtaining a broadcast licence until 16 February 2006.[62] It was the first licensed African radio station in the UK but had its licence revoked by Ofcom on 4 March 2016 for persistent failure to broadcast.

Notable residents

[edit]
Further information: Category:People from Plaistow, Newham

Arts and entertainment

[edit]

Aaron Hill, writer and dramatist, lived at Hyde House[18] during his retirement and until his death in 1750.[63] William Holl the Younger, noted portrait and figure engraver, was born in Plaistow in 1807.[64]

Singers David Essex, Ronnie Lane, Sandra Kerr, Jade Ewen, Mumzy Stranger and Alison Hinds were born in Plaistow, as was comedian and folk singer Richard Digance. Singer and entertainer Joe Brown was born in Lincolnshire but lived in Plaistow from the age of two. Record producer Norman Newell was born in Plaistow.

A number of grime MCs and DJs have origins in Plaistow, including Ghetts, Durrty Goodz and Crazy Titch. Rapper 21 Savage was born in Plaistow and moved as a youth to Atlanta in the United States.[65]

Actor Terence Stamp attended Tollgate Primary School and Plaistow Grammar School. Actor Honor Blackman was born in Plaistow, as were actors Jimmy Akingbola, Ron Pember and Roberta Taylor and comedian, actor and playwright Andi Osho.

Sports

[edit]

Multi-times Olympic athlete Fred Alsop was born in Plaistow in 1938.

England international footballers Sol Campbell, Tony Cottee, Rob Lee and Martin Peters were born in Plaistow.

England international speedway rider Reg Fearman was from Plaistow. He managed England and Great Britain national teams, and was also Chairman of the British Speedway Promoters' Association.[66]

Edward Temme, born in Plaistow, was a member of the British Olympic Water Polo teams of 1928 and 1936 and was the first man to swim the English Channel in both directions.[67] He is reputed to have swum non-stop in both directions and to have achieved this feat twice.[68]

Other

[edit]

Other famous residents have included:

Transport

[edit]

Rail

[edit]

Plaistow and Upton Park tube stations are in the district. Both are served by the London Underground District and Hammersmith & City lines, which link the area directly to destinations in Central London, including the City, King's Cross, St. Pancras International, Westminster, and Paddington. Both stations are in London fare zone 3. Eastbound trains run towards Barking, Dagenham, and Upminster.

West Ham station is less than one mile from High Street Plaistow, in London fare zones 2 and 3. The station is on the Jubilee line and Docklands Light Railway (DLR), which links the area directly to several key destinations and interchanges, including Stratford International, London City Airport (Airport interchange), London Bridge, and Waterloo.

Stratford station is also nearby, to the north of the district, which is served by the Central and Jubilee lines, DLR, and National Rail trains. This links the area to destinations across North East London, Essex, and East Anglia. Canning Town station is to Plaistow's south-west on the Jubilee line and the DLR.[80]

Since 2022, the area has also been linked directly to London Heathrow Airport and Reading via the Elizabeth line from the nearby Custom House station.[81]

Bus

[edit]

Plaistow is on the London Buses network, served by routes: 5, 69, 115, 147, 241, 262, 276, 300, 325, 330, 473, 678, N15. Routes 69 and night bus N15 run overnight through Plaistow.[82][83]

Cycling

[edit]

The Greenway, a shared-use path, runs through Plastow. The route runs unbroken from Hackney Wick to Plaistow via the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, Stratford, and West Ham. Eastbound, the route runs towards Newham University Hospital, East Ham, Beckton, and Cycle Superhighway 3 towards Barking. The Greenway runs atop Joseph Bazalgette's Northern Outfall Sewer. It is a part of Transport for London (TfL)'s cycle network, numbered Cycleway 22.

Cycle Superhighway 2 (CS2) runs along the northern edge of Plaistow, through Stratford. The route runs non-stop and mostly traffic-free westbound towards the City, via Bow, Mile End, and Whitechapel.

Cycle Superhighway 3 (CS3) runs along the southern edge of Plaistow. The route runs non-stop and mostly traffic-free towards the City, via Canning Town, Poplar, and Limehouse. The route continues beyond the City traffic-free to Lancaster Gate (Hyde Park), via Westminster and Buckingham Palace, providing Plaistow with a direct, continuous cycle link to destinations in the West End. Eastbound, CS3 runs to Barking.[84]

Road

[edit]

Plaistow is linked to other areas of London and South East England by road. Roads which run through Plaistow include:

The  A13  runs along the southernmost edge of Plaistow. The road runs westbound towards the City of London, passing Canning Town, Poplar, and Canary Wharf en route. Eastbound, the road carries traffic towards Barking, Dagenham, the  M25 , Tilbury, and Southend-on-Sea.

Nearest places

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Wells, J. C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd edn, Harlow, UK: Longman
  2. ^ Daniel Jones, Peter Roach, et al. (2011). Cambridge Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th edn, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
  3. ^ "Hugh de Plaiz". Geni. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  4. ^ "Hugh Plaitz". RootsWeb.Ancestry.com. Permira/CMGI. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  5. ^ "Sir Hugh de Plaiz". RootsWeb.Ancestry.com. Permira/CMGI. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  6. ^ Harris, Cyril M. (2001). What's in a Name?. Capital History / London Transport Museum. ISBN 185414-241-0.
  7. ^ a b c "Plaister". The Internet Surname Database. Name Origin Research. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  8. ^ a b Kemble, James (2007). Essex Place-Names. Historical Publications. ISBN 978-1-905286-21-8.
  9. ^ McDougall, Donald (1936). Fifty Years a Borough, 1886-1936, The Story of West Ham. County Borough Council of West Ham. p. 57. ASIN B000LFZWAC.
  10. ^ "British History Online, West Ham, Manors and estates". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  11. ^ "Plaistow, E 13". The Estate of Lawrence Rigal. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  12. ^ a b "BRITISH HISTORY ONLINE, WESTHAM, Manor of Playz". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  13. ^ "The Newham Story, Essex Journey". Newham London. 24 June 2010. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  14. ^ a b c "History of Stratford, West Ham, Canning Town, Silvertown etc". 29 July 2009. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  15. ^ "The Newgate Calendar, Richard Turpin". stand-and-deliver.org.uk. Archived from the original on 31 October 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  16. ^ "Dick Turpin". Probert Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  17. ^ a b "A Newham timeline". Newham London. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  18. ^ a b "'Essex Man': Richardson and the Hill Family, 1738–1750". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  19. ^ "The Newham Story". Newham London. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  20. ^ "British History Online, West Ham, Education, Elementary schools founded before 1871". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  21. ^ "The Enchiridion, Selected Obituaries and Biographies, John Curwen". Canamus. Archived from the original on 20 May 2006. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  22. ^ "CURWEN PRESS, History". Curwen Press. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  23. ^ a b "A Vision of Britain Through Time". University of Portsmouth. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  24. ^ "Plaistow, Church Records". Archived from the original on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  25. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Andrew (1080967)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  26. ^ Historic England. "St Andrew's Vicarage (1080968)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  27. ^ "Stratford & East London Music Festival". Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  28. ^ "Saffron Walden Town Library: museum bookcase (Entry 269)". Saffron Walden Town Library. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  29. ^ "History of Straford, West Ham, Canning Town, Silvertown etc". 29 July 2009. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
  30. ^ Historic England. "Memorial Baptist Church (1246354)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
  31. ^ "History". Memorial Community Church. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  32. ^ "Rededication of the Memorial Bells". Memorial Community Church. 21 November 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  33. ^ "Lottery grant to restore Plaistow church bells". EDP24. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  34. ^ "Plaistow church bells restored". The East of London Family History Society. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  35. ^ "Jake and Dinos Chapman at the White Cube in pictures". The Telegraph. London. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  36. ^ "Greengate House, Plaistow". Ellis & Moore Consulting Engineers Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  37. ^ "Greengate House Apartments". Newham London. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  38. ^ "Plaistow, Green Street, Upton Park and West Ham". Newham Education Business Partnership. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  39. ^ Henry Winter (27 February 2009). "Harry Redknapp still hungry for success with Tottenham". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  40. ^ "NEWHAM, LONDON BOROUGH OF". Civic Heraldry of England and Wales. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
  41. ^ "Forest Gate & Plaistow SRB5 Programme". Newham Education Business Partnership. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  42. ^ "Ongoing projects". Newham London. Archived from the original on 10 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  43. ^ "Decision details: West Ham and Plaistow NDC Succession Strategy". Newham London. 11 March 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  44. ^ "All About Newham NDP". Newham ndp. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
  45. ^ "Partners". Newham ndp. Retrieved 13 August 2012.[permanent dead link‍]
  46. ^ "Big Lottery Fund grant for better community facilities in Plaistow". Memorial Community Church. 22 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  47. ^ "Lottery to give £200M to 'forgotten' communities". BBC News. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  48. ^ "London estates and areas get £1M lottery funding". BBC News. 10 December 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  49. ^ "Major new housing development boosts Plaistow". Newham London. 22 January 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  50. ^ "Plaistow Park". London Parks & Gardens Trust. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  51. ^ "East End Road Runners". East End Road Runners. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  52. ^ "The Wycombe Wanderer: Fire United Christian - Terence McMillan Stadium". The Wycombe Wanderer. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  53. ^ "Clapton secure new home ground in Plaistow". Newham Recorder. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  54. ^ "Boxing in Newham". Newham London. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  55. ^ "The 59 Club". Retrieved 13 August 2016.
  56. ^ "Teaching Awards 2012 winner – UK Panel". Teaching Awards Trust. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  57. ^ Garner, Richard (24 October 2012). "Why a man's place is in the classroom". The Independent. London. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  58. ^ "Plaistow teacher wins outstanding new teacher of the year award". Newham Recorder. 16 May 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  59. ^ "The Human League - (Keep Feeling) Fascination". layersoflondon.humap.site. 1983. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  60. ^ "Our Success Story". voiceofafricaradio.com. 15 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  61. ^ "Contact VOAR 94FM". voiceofafricaradio.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  62. ^ "About us". voiceofafricaradio.com. 13 November 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  63. ^ Gerrard, Christine (2003). "Patriotism, Fame and Death, 1743–1750". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183884.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-818388-4. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  64. ^ "William Holl the Younger". Edinburgh University Library. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  65. ^ Tobin, Olivia (5 February 2019). "21 Savage latest: Rapper could face 10-year-ban from the US, lawyer says". Evening Standard. Retrieved 6 February 2019.
  66. ^ "Reg Fearman : Right of Reply". Speedway Plus. 12 January 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  67. ^ "Edward Temme". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  68. ^ "Feats of an almost-forgotten hero". Newsquest (Essex) Ltd. 22 October 2008. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  69. ^ a b "BRITISH HISTORY ONLINE, West Ham". University of London & History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  70. ^ "Hyde House Plaistow". Newham London. Archived from the original on 26 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  71. ^ Pewsey, Stephen (1996). Stratford, West Ham & The Royal Docks. Sutton Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 0-7509-1417-3.
  72. ^ "Press Release". Drayton Hall. 26 October 2011. Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  73. ^ "Biographical details, George Edwards". The British Museum. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  74. ^ "Luke Howard". eNotes. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  75. ^ "A short history of Cinchona". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  76. ^ "Fellow details". The Royal Society. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
  77. ^ "Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, Peptic Ulcer: Rise and Fall" (PDF). Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. November 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  78. ^ Dockray, G. J. (1 November 1998). "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society, Roderic Alfred Gregory, C.B.E." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 44. Royal Society Publishing: 207–216. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1998.0014. S2CID 29047715. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  79. ^ "No. 61092". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2014. p. N2.
  80. ^ "London's Rail & Tube Services" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  81. ^ Matters, Transport for London | Every Journey. "Direct Elizabeth line services into central London from Reading, Heathrow, and Shenfield start today". Transport for London. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
  82. ^ "Buses from Plaistow (Barking Road)" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  83. ^ "Buses from Plaistow Station" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  84. ^ "Cycle". Transport for London. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plaistow, Newham.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaistow,_Newham&oldid=1260882503"