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Callaway County, Missouri

Coordinates: 38°50′N 91°55′W / 38.84°N 91.92°W / 38.84; -91.92
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Callaway County
County
Callaway County Courthouse in Fulton
Callaway County Courthouse in Fulton
Map of Missouri highlighting Callaway County
Location within the U.S. state of Missouri
Map of the United States highlighting Missouri
Missouri's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 38°50′N 91°55′W / 38.84°N 91.92°W / 38.84; -91.92
Country United States
State Missouri
FoundedNovember 25, 1820
Named forJames Callaway
SeatFulton
Largest cityFulton
Area
 • Total847 sq mi (2,190 km2)
 • Land835 sq mi (2,160 km2)
 • Water13 sq mi (30 km2)  1.5%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total44,283
 • Density52/sq mi (20/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district3rd
Websitecallawaycounty.org

Callaway County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 United States Census, the county's population was 44,283.[1] Its county seat is Fulton.[2] With a border formed by the Missouri River, the county was organized November 25, 1820, and named for Captain James Callaway, grandson of Daniel Boone.[3] The county has been historically referred to as "The Kingdom of Callaway" after an incident in which some residents confronted Union troops during the U.S. Civil War.[4]

Callaway County is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Vineyards and wineries were first established in the area by German immigrants in the mid-19th century. Among the first mentioned in county histories are those around the southeastern Callaway settlement of Heilburn, a community neighboring Portland, on the Missouri River.[5] Since the 1960s, there has been a revival of winemaking there and throughout Missouri.

The Callaway Nuclear Generating Station is located in Callaway County, near Fulton.

History

[edit]

This area was historically occupied by the Osage and other Native American peoples, some of whom migrated from east of the Ohio River Valley. Others emerged as cultures in this area, following thousands of years of settlement by indigenous peoples.[citation needed]

The early European-American settlement of Callaway County was largely by migrants from the Upper South states of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, with an influx of German immigrants starting in the 1830s,[6] as was the case with other counties along the Missouri River. Some of them brought black slaves and enslavement practices with them, and quickly started cultivating hemp and tobacco, the same crops as were grown in Middle Tennessee and Kentucky. Given their culture and traditions, this area became known as Little Dixie.[7] By 1860, enslaved people made up at least 25 percent of the county's population,[8] higher than in most parts of the state.

On October 27, 1860, a woman known as "Slave Teney" was lynched by whites near Fulton after she confessed to killing the daughter of her owner.[9][10]

Some pioneer families from Callaway and Lewis County, Missouri, moved to the West and became influential early settlers of the nascent state of California. Callaway families helped settle areas of California near the Oregon border, as they entered the state via the Oregon Trail, then southward toward San Francisco. Lewis County relatives helped build Sacramento and develop viticulture in the California Central Valley and areas north of San Francisco Bay. Some of these Missouri families, later key U.S./Unionist advocates and military personnel during the U.S. Civil War, held early local and statewide political offices in California.[11]

The minutes of the U.S. Congressional hearing on the legitimacy of U.S. Civil-war-era elections in Callaway County include reports of substantial election meddling and voter harassment and intimidation, summarized in the 1867-68 Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives. It described the Confederate support in the county, citing prominent citizens, but the report also demonstrated that there was substantial county support for Union/U.S. government among citizens who were often intimidated into silence. Historians therefore cannot ascertain exact percentages of Union or Confederate sympathies in the county.[12]

The Battle of Moore's Mill was the only significant Civil War battle that took place in Callaway County. One historian said it was known as "Kingdom of Callaway". A truce with U.S./Union forces during the war effectively allowed Confederate advocates to continue to operate under surveillance, in proximity to the Missouri government offices in Jefferson City. There may have been more than twice as many Confederate as U.S./Union troops in Callaway. A so-called "Confederate government of Missouri" set up offices in southwest Missouri near the Arkansas border, while a line almost straight south along the Arkansas-Oklahoma border connected it to a known Texas-affiliate (and possibly controlling) office set up across from the southwest corner of Arkansas in Marshall, Texas.[13][14]

According to "A Short History of Callaway County" by Ovid Bell, the publisher of the (county seat) Fulton Daily Sun Gazette, "Fulton was occupied during the greater part of the war by Union soldiers and militia, and Southern (i.e. Confederate) sympathizers were in constant fear of imprisonment and death." U.S. forces loyal to the Union were raised by Captains William T Snell, Henry Thomas, and JJP Johnson. They were reinforced by troops under General John B. Henderson from the town of Louisiana in Pike County, Missouri.[15]

After the late-1860s Reconstruction era, an element of white residents in the state and county worked to restore white supremacy. Violence against Black people reached a peak around the turn of the 20th century, when whites lynched a total of four African Americans in the county.[16] The victims included Ham Peterson in May 1884, killed because his brother spoke disrespectfully to whites; an unnamed African-American man killed by a mob in October 1884, after being accused of raping a young girl; and Emmett Divens, lynched August 15, 1895.[9][17]

Other settlers in the Missouri River valley included German immigrants from the mid-19th century following the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states; they established a strong wine industry in the area and built towns with German-influenced architecture, concentrated substantially in counties south of Callaway and across the Missouri River, celebrated annually in the Maifest events in the Gasconade county seat, Hermann. Missouri was the second-largest wine-producing state nationally until Prohibition. Since the 1960s, numerous vineyards and wineries have been established again in the river valley, including Summit Lake Winery in Holts Summit. One definition of the Missouri Rhineland can be found in a Chicago Tribune article of September 2018.[18]

Callaway has remained largely agricultural, economically, with its rich farmlands, yet borders Missouri's capital city and Lincoln University (Missouri) in Cole County, to the south, and the main University of Missouri campus in Columbia, 40 miles or less from the most populous areas of the county. Callaway County has for years hosted William Woods University and Westminster College in the county seat, Fulton, while Osage county, to the south, hosts the State Technical College of Missouri in Linn.

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 847 square miles (2,190 km2), of which 835 square miles (2,160 km2) is land and 13 square miles (34 km2) (1.5%) is water.[19]

The northern part of the county is relatively flat and devoid of large tracts of forests. The southern border of the county is the Missouri River, and the area is heavily forested over large hills and valleys. Cedar Creek makes up the bulk of the county's western border. Jefferson City lies across the Missouri River from the southwestern corner of the county.[20][21]

Adjacent counties

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Major highways

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National protected areas

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Climate

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Callaway County
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
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M
J
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A
S
O
N
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52
 
 
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25
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109
 
 
19
9
 
 
44
 
 
13
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69
 
 
3
−4
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [22]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
2
 
 
34
21
 
 
3.2
 
 
45
23
 
 
4.3
 
 
55
37
 
 
8.6
 
 
70
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81
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77
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4.3
 
 
66
48
 
 
1.7
 
 
55
43
 
 
2.7
 
 
37
25
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18306,159—
184011,76591.0%
185013,82717.5%
186017,44926.2%
187019,20210.0%
188023,67023.3%
189025,1316.2%
190025,9843.4%
191024,400−6.1%
192023,007−5.7%
193019,923−13.4%
194023,09415.9%
195023,3161.0%
196023,8582.3%
197025,8508.3%
198032,25224.8%
199032,8091.7%
200040,76624.3%
201044,3328.7%
202044,283−0.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[23]
1790-1960[24] 1900-1990[25]
1990-2000[26] 2010-2020[1]

As of the census[28] of 2000, there were 40,766 people, 14,416 households, and 10,336 families residing in the county. The population density was 49 inhabitants per square mile (19/km2). There were 16,167 housing units at an average density of 19 units per square mile (7.3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was self-identified as 91.79% White, 5.66% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 1.21% from two or more races. Approximately 0.92% of the population identified as Hispanic or Latino of any race. 29.9% identified as of German ancestry, 22.0% as American, 9.1% as Irish (including Scots-Irish) and 9.1% as English ancestry.

There were 14,416 households, out of which 35.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.10% were married couples living together, 10.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.30% were non-families. 23.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.40% under the age of 18, 11.10% from 18 to 24, 31.00% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 11.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $39,110, and the median income for a family was $44,474. Males had a median income of $29,574 versus $22,317 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,005. About 6.00% of families and 8.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.30% of those under age 18 and 8.30% of those age 65 or over.

Religion

[edit]

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2010), Callaway County is sometimes regarded as being on the northern edge of the Bible Belt, with evangelical Protestantism being the most predominant religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Callaway County who adhere to a religion are Southern Baptists (41.60%), Roman Catholics (14.00%), and United Methodists (9.41%).

2020 Census

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Callaway County Racial Composition[29]
Race Num. Perc.
White (NH) 38,453 86.83%
Black or African American (NH) 1,943 4.4%
Native American (NH) 141 0.32%
Asian (NH) 222 0.5%
Pacific Islander (NH) 30 0.07%
Other/Mixed (NH) 2,529 5.7%
Hispanic or Latino 965 2.2%

Education

[edit]

School districts include:[30]

Public schools

[edit]

Missouri School for the Deaf, a state-operated school, is in Missouri, within the county.

Private schools

[edit]

Post-secondary

[edit]

Public libraries

[edit]

Communities

[edit]

Cities

[edit]

Villages

[edit]

Unincorporated communities

[edit]

Townships over time

[edit]

Administrative Townships in Callaway County were created February 12, 1821, when there only two. Cote Sans Dessein Township generally included areas west of a line along the Auxvasse River (now called Auxvasse Creek) until it met about 91W45 longitude, where the boundary then continued straight north. Auxvasse Township (which never included the city of Auxvasse) included all areas east of that line, but that changed within about 3 months. On May 14, 1821, a new larger-than-today Round Prairie Township originally covered NW Callaway County, and the next day an Elizabeth (later renamed Fulton) Township was created in the center of the county, along with a later-subdivided Nine Mile Prairie Township that included NE Callaway County. More changes took place only a few years afterward with the creation of a larger-than-today Cedar Township November 13, 1824, that initially covered the SW corner of the county; then a new Bourbon Township (from northern Round Prairie) was created February 21, 1825; a later-subdivided Liberty Township February 24, 1838, and Jackson Township December 25, 1875, in north county; Calwood Township February 23, 1876; Caldwell Township June 5, 1883. These were followed between 1883 and 1897 by the creation of St. Aubert, Summit, and Guthrie townships in SW Callaway; and McCredie and Shamrock townships in northern Callaway. In the 2000s, West Fulton split from Fulton Township (later renamed East Fulton). More details on the boundaries, included cities and towns, and impact on previous boundaries are included in the articles below:

Notable people

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Politics

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Local

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The Republican Party completely controls politics at the local level in Callaway County, holding every elected position in the county.

Callaway County, Missouri
Elected countywide officials
Assessor Jody Paschal Republican
Auditor Karen Rentschler Republican
Circuit Clerk Megan Morse Republican
County Clerk Ronda Miller Republican
Collector Sarah Gladman Republican
Commissioner
(Presiding)		 Gary Jungermann Republican
Commissioner
(District 1)		 Randall L. Kleindienst Republican
Commissioner
(District 2)		 Roger Fischer Republican
Prosecuting Attorney Chris Wilson Republican
Public Administrator D. Karen Digh Allen Republican
Recorder Christine Kleindienst Republican
Sheriff Clay Chism Republican
Treasurer Deborah Zerr Republican

State

[edit]
Past Gubernatorial Elections Results
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
2020 70.85% 14,950 26.59% 5,611 2.56% 540
2016 57.95% 11,149 38.15% 7,340 3.89% 749
2012 52.30% 9,486 44.17% 8,012 3.53% 640
2008 49.78% 9,596 48.63% 9,375 1.59% 306
2004 57.27% 10,153 41.59% 7,373 1.13% 201
2000 43.62% 6,641 53.40% 8,129 2.98% 453
1996 32.91% 4,314 63.91% 8,379 3.18% 417

Callaway County is split between two legislative districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, both of which are held by Republicans.

  • District 43 — Kent Haden (R-Mexico). Consists of the communities of Auxvasse, Portland, Steedman, and Williamsburg.
Missouri House of Representatives — District 43 — Callaway County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kent Haden 4,305 100.00% +25.14
Missouri House of Representatives — District 43 — Callaway County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Kent Haden 2,983 74.86% +1.93
Democratic Jamie Blair 1,002 25.14% −1.93
  • District 49 — Travis Fitzwater (R-Holts Summit). Consists of the communities of Fulton, Holts Summit, Kingdom City, Lake Mykee Town, Mokane, New Bloomfield, and Tebbetts.
Missouri House of Representatives — District 49 — Callaway County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Travis Fitzwater 13,918 100.00% +33.00
Missouri House of Representatives — District 49 — Callaway County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Travis Fitzwater 8,691 67.00% −33.00
Democratic Lisa Buhr 4,281 33.00% +33.00

All of Callaway County is a part of Missouri's 10th District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Jeanie Riddle (R-Mokane).

Missouri Senate — District 10 — Callaway County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Jeanie Riddle 12,171 71.46% −2.20
Democratic Ayanna Shivers 4,862 28.55% +2.21
Missouri Senate — District 10 — Callaway County (2014)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Jeanie Riddle 7,993 73.66%
Democratic Ed Schieffer 2,858 26.34%

Federal

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All of Callaway County is included in Missouri's 3rd Congressional District and is currently represented by Blaine Luetkemeyer (R-St. Elizabeth) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Luetkemeyer was elected to a seventh term in 2020 over Democratic challenger Megan Rezabek.

U.S. House of Representatives — Missouri’s 3rd Congressional District — Callaway County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Blaine Luetkemeyer 15,349 73.76% +3.97
Democratic Megan Rezabek 4,974 23.90% −4.21
Libertarian Leonard J. Steinman II 450 2.16% +0.06
Write-ins 37 0.18%
U.S. House of Representatives — Missouri's 3rd Congressional District — Callaway County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Blaine Luetkemeyer 11,916 69.79% −1.96
Democratic Katy Geppert 4,799 28.11% +4.32
Libertarian Donald V. Stolle 359 2.10% −1.07

Callaway County, along with the rest of the state of Missouri, is represented in the U.S. Senate by Josh Hawley (R-Columbia) and Roy Blunt (R-Strafford).

U.S. Senate – Class I – Callaway County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Josh Hawley 10,661 62.44% +14.39
Democratic Claire McCaskill 5,705 33.41% −10.78
Independent Craig O'Dear 322 1.89%
Libertarian Japheth Campbell 271 1.59% −6.17
Green Jo Crain 116 0.68% +0.68

Blunt was elected to a second term in 2016 over then-Missouri Secretary of State Jason Kander.

U.S. Senate — Class III — Callaway County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Roy Blunt 10,983 57.24% +9.19
Democratic Jason Kander 7.084 36.92% −7.27
Libertarian Jonathan Dine 534 2.78% −4.98
Green Johnathan McFarland 238 1.24% +1.24
Constitution Fred Ryman 347 1.81% +1.81

Political culture

[edit]
United States presidential election results for Callaway County, Missouri[32]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2024 15,191 70.91% 5,918 27.62% 315 1.47%
2020 14,815 69.94% 5,870 27.71% 498 2.35%
2016 13,057 67.54% 4,989 25.81% 1,287 6.66%
2012 11,745 64.42% 6,071 33.30% 416 2.28%
2008 11,389 58.81% 7,580 39.14% 397 2.05%
2004 11,108 62.50% 6,559 36.90% 106 0.60%
2000 8,238 53.81% 6,708 43.82% 362 2.36%
1996 5,567 42.38% 5,880 44.76% 1,690 12.86%
1992 4,880 34.90% 5,799 41.48% 3,302 23.62%
1988 6,687 56.01% 5,209 43.63% 42 0.35%
1984 8,262 65.63% 4,327 34.37% 0 0.00%
1980 6,755 52.63% 5,560 43.32% 520 4.05%
1976 5,115 50.85% 4,843 48.15% 101 1.00%
1972 6,313 67.53% 3,036 32.47% 0 0.00%
1968 4,277 46.03% 3,738 40.23% 1,276 13.73%
1964 2,983 33.52% 5,916 66.48% 0 0.00%
1960 4,054 43.14% 5,344 56.86% 0 0.00%
1956 3,572 40.88% 5,165 59.12% 0 0.00%
1952 3,818 40.96% 5,484 58.83% 19 0.20%
1948 2,433 28.10% 6,215 71.78% 10 0.12%
1944 3,143 35.22% 5,757 64.51% 24 0.27%
1940 3,574 33.22% 7,162 66.58% 21 0.20%
1936 3,112 30.23% 7,160 69.56% 21 0.20%
1932 2,079 22.67% 7,042 76.78% 51 0.56%
1928 3,269 38.75% 5,153 61.08% 15 0.18%
1924 2,799 31.68% 5,904 66.82% 133 1.51%
1920 3,274 35.06% 6,035 64.62% 30 0.32%
1916 2,009 33.94% 3,882 65.59% 28 0.47%
1912 1,525 28.23% 3,544 65.61% 333 6.16%
1908 1,911 32.69% 3,878 66.35% 56 0.96%
1904 1,765 32.29% 3,596 65.79% 105 1.92%
1900 1,864 30.79% 4,133 68.28% 56 0.93%
1896 1,849 29.45% 4,358 69.42% 71 1.13%
1892 1,453 27.44% 3,620 68.35% 223 4.21%
1888 1,624 29.18% 3,912 70.30% 29 0.52%

At the presidential level, Callaway County has become solidly Republican in recent years despite being a Democratic stronghold for much of its history. Callaway County strongly favored Donald Trump in both 2016 and 2020. Bill Clinton was the last Democratic presidential nominee to carry Callaway County in 1996 with a plurality of the vote, and a Democrat hasn't won majority support from the county's voters in a presidential election since Lyndon Johnson in 1964.

Like most rural areas throughout Missouri, voters in Callaway County generally adhere to socially and culturally conservative principles which tend to influence their Republican leanings. Despite Callaway County's longstanding tradition of supporting socially conservative platforms, voters in the county have a penchant for advancing populist causes. In 2018, Missourians voted on a proposition (Proposition A) concerning right to work, the outcome of which ultimately reversed the right to work legislation passed in the state the previous year. 62.63% of Callaway County voters cast their ballots to overturn the law.

Missouri presidential preference primaries

[edit]

2020

[edit]

The 2020 presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties were held in Missouri on March 10. On the Democratic side, former Vice President Joe Biden (D-Delaware) both won statewide and carried Callaway County by a wide margin. Biden went on to defeat President Donald Trump in the general election.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Callaway County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Joe Biden 2,139 61.57
Democratic Bernie Sanders 1,102 31.72
Democratic Tulsi Gabbard 47 1.35
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 186 5.35

Incumbent President Donald Trump (R-Florida) faced a primary challenge from former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld, but won both Callaway County and statewide by overwhelming margins.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Callaway County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Donald Trump 2,580 97.36
Republican Bill Weld 20 0.76
Republican Others/Uncommitted 50 1.89

2016

[edit]

The 2016 presidential primaries for both the Republican and Democratic parties were held in Missouri on March 15. Businessman Donald Trump (R-New York) narrowly won the state overall, but Senator Ted Cruz (R-Texas) carried a plurality in Callaway County. Trump went on to win the nomination and the presidency.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Callaway County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Ted Cruz 3,262 43.22
Republican Donald Trump 3,142 41.63
Republican John Kasich 584 7.74
Republican Marco Rubio 366 4.85
Republican Others/Uncommitted 193 2.56

On the Democratic side, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (D-New York) narrowly won statewide, but Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) carried a majority of the vote in Callaway County.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Callaway County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Bernie Sanders 1,679 54.23
Democratic Hillary Clinton 1,378 44.51
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 39 1.26

2012

[edit]

The 2012 Missouri Republican Presidential Primary's results were nonbinding on the state's national convention delegates. Voters in Callaway County supported former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum (R-Pennsylvania), who finished first in the state at large, but eventually lost the nomination to former Governor Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts). Delegates to the congressional district and state conventions were chosen at a county caucus, which selected a delegation favoring Romney. Incumbent President Barack Obama easily won the Missouri Democratic Primary and renomination. He defeated Romney in the general election.

2008

[edit]

In 2008, the Missouri Republican Presidential Primary was closely contested, with Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) prevailing and eventually winning the nomination. However, former Governor Mike Huckabee (R-Arkansas) won a plurality in Callaway County.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Callaway County (2008)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Mike Huckabee 1,517 34.14
Republican Mitt Romney 1,457 32.79
Republican John McCain 1,203 27.08
Republican Ron Paul 196 4.41
Republican Others/Uncommitted 70 1.58

Then-Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes than any candidate from either party in Callaway County during the 2008 presidential primary. Despite initial reports that Clinton had won Missouri, Barack Obama (D-Illinois), also a Senator at the time, narrowly defeated her statewide and later became that year's Democratic nominee, going on to win the presidency.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Callaway County (2008)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Clinton 2,701 54.71
Democratic Barack Obama 2,037 41.26
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 199 4.04

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named. The State Historical Society of Missouri. pp. 267.
  4. ^ Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society
  5. ^ Provines, John G: 'History of Callaway County' article in the 'Illustrated Historical Atlas of Callaway County'. Philadelphia PA: Edwards Brothers, 1876.
  6. ^ Provines, John G: 'History of Callaway County' in 'Illustrated Historical Atlas of Callaway County', 1876.
  7. ^ "The Story of Little Dixie, Missouri", Missouri Division-Sons of Confederate Veterans Archived July 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 3, 2008
  8. ^ T. J. Stiles, Jesse James: The Last Rebel of the Civil War, New York: Vintage Books, 2003, pp.10–11
  9. ^ a b Danny Lewis, "This Map Shows Over a Century of Documented Lynchings in the United States", Smithsonian Magazine, January 24, 2017; accessed April 13, 2018
  10. ^ Kerry Segrave, Lynchings of Women in the United States: The Recorded Cases, 1851–1946, New York: McFarland, 2010, p. 22
  11. ^ Mather, Otis. Six Generations of LaRues and Allied Families. (Hodgenville & Louisville, KY: C T Dearing Printing Co, 1921)
  12. ^ 1867 US House of Representatives report on the legitimacy of Callaway County war-era elections.
  13. ^ "Marshall, Texas, Capital of Missouri".
  14. ^ Geise, William R. (1962). "Missouri's Confederate Capital in Marshall, Texas". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 66 (2): 193–207. JSTOR 30236239.
  15. ^ Bell, Ovid. "A Short History of Callaway County" (Fulton, MO: Ovid Bell Press, 1875)
  16. ^ Lynching in America/ Supplement: Lynchings by County, 3rd edition Archived October 23, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Montgomery, Alabama: Equal Justice Initiative, 2015, p. 7
  17. ^ "Lynching in Missouri", Saline County, Missouri/MOGenWeb Project, 1996-2018; accessed April 12, 2018
  18. ^ "Chicago Tribune 2018 article on Missouri's Rhineland". Chicago Tribune 2018 article on Missouri's Rhineland.
  19. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  20. ^ Jefferson City NW, MO, 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1962 (1982 rev.)
  21. ^ Jefferson City, MO, 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1967 (1986 rev.)
  22. ^ "NASA Earth Observations Data Set Index". NASA. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  23. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  24. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  25. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  26. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
  27. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  28. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  29. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Callaway County, Missouri".
  30. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Callaway County, MO" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2022. Retrieved July 22, 2022. - Text list
  31. ^ Breeding, Marshall. "Callaway County Public Library". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  32. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

Further reading

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  • Bell, Ovid. "A Short History of Callaway County" (Fulton, MO: Ovid Bell Press, 1875).
  • Bryan, William Smith. "A History of Pioneer Families in Missouri" (St Louis, MO: Bryan, Brand & Co, 1876).
  • Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society. A History of Callaway County Missouri (Fulton, MO: Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 1983).
  • Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society. Combined Atlases of Callaway County Missouri 1876-1897-1919, Indexed. (Mount Vernon, IN: Windmill Publications, Inc, 1994).
  • Mather, Otis. "Six Generations of LaRues and Allied Families". (Hodgenville & Louisville, KY: C T Dearing Printing Co, 1921).
  • Missouri State Library. "History of Callaway County." (St Louis, MO: National Historical Company, 1884).
  • Saeger, Andrew M. "The Kingdom Of Callaway: Callaway County, Missouri during the Civil War." (MA thesis, Northwest Missouri State University, 2013). bibliography pp 75–81 online
  • Smith, Harriet E. "Autobiography of Mark Twain" (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010).
  • Williams, Walter, ed. "A History of Northeast Missouri" (Chicago, IL: Lewis Publishing Company, 1913).
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38°50′N 91°55′W / 38.84°N 91.92°W / 38.84; -91.92

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