Tokugawa Iemochi

In this Japanese name, the surname is Tokugawa.

Senior First Rank Tokugawa Iemochi
徳川 家茂
Shōgun
In office 14 August 1858 – 29 August 1866
Monarch	Kōmei
Preceded by	Tokugawa Iesada
Succeeded by	Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Personal details
Born	(1846-07-17)17 July 1846 Minato, Edo, Japan
Died	29 August 1866(1866-08-29) (aged 20) Osaka Castle, Japan
Spouse	Princess Kazu
Signature

Tokugawa Iemochi (徳川 家茂) (17 July 1846 – 29 August 1866) was the 14th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, who held office from 1858 to 1866. During his reign there was much internal turmoil as a result of the "re-opening" of Japan to western nations. Iemochi's reign also saw a weakening of the shogunate.

Iemochi died in 1866 and was buried in Zōjō-ji. His Buddhist name was Shonmyoin.

Biography

Iemochi, known in his childhood as Kikuchiyo (菊千代), was the eldest son of the 11th-generation Wakayama Domain lord Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846) with his concubine known as Jitsujoin and was born in the domain's residence in Edo (modern-day Minato-ku in Tokyo). Nariyuki was a younger son of the 11th shōgun, Tokugawa Ienari.

In 1847, at age 1, he was adopted as the heir of the 12th-generation daimyō Tokugawa Narikatsu, and succeeded him in 1850, taking the name Tokugawa Yoshitomi following his coming of age in 1851. In 1858 he had audience with shōgun Iesada and his wife, Atsuhime short after he was adopted as their son and named as the successor to the main Tokugawa house. The choice of Yoshitomi was not without conflict; there were other factions in the government who supported Tokugawa Yoshinobu or Matsudaira Naritami for shōgun; both of them, unlike Yoshitomi, were adults. After assuming the office of shogun, Yoshitomi changed his name to Iemochi.

Before Iesada died he give his will to Ii Naosuke, that:

• First, Ii Naosuke must help Iemochi at administration until Iemochi was old enough to rule.
• Second, all political issues must be discussed with Tenshoin, as Iemochi's mother.

As part of the kōbu gattai ("Union of Court and Bakufu") movement, On 11 February 1862, Iemochi married Princess Kazu, daughter of Emperor Ninko. Princess Kazu refused to use the title "Midaidokoro", and instead only used the title "Miya".

On 22 April 1863 (Bunkyū 3, 5th day of the 3rd month), shōgun Iemochi traveled in a great procession to the capital. He had been summoned by the emperor, and had 3,000 retainers as escort. This was the first time since the visit of Iemitsu in the Kan'ei era, 230 years before, that a shogun had visited Kyoto.

His early death at the age of 20 put an end to his short marriage with princess Kazu-no-Miya. Before he died he adopted a son, Tayasu Kamenosuke (later known as Tokugawa Iesato), as his heir. At that time Tayasu Kamenosuke was only 3 years old, but as the Tokugawa shogunate was at war with Chōshū, the adult Yoshinobu was appointed the fifteenth shōgun. Shōgun Yoshinobu then adopted Iemochi's adopted son, Tayasu Kamenosuke. After Iemochi's death, Kazu-no-Miya changed her name to Seikan'in no Miya. The cause of Iemochi's death is widely reported as heart failure due to beriberi, a disease caused by thiamine (vitamin B₁) deficiency.

His successor, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, was the last Tokugawa shōgun and witnessed the end of the shogunate, which gave way to the Meiji Restoration.

Family

• Father: Tokugawa Nariyuki (1801–1846)
• Mother: Jitsujoin (1821–1904)
• Adoptive fathers:
  • Tokugawa Narikatsu (1820–1849)
  • Tokugawa Iesada
• Adoptive Mother: Tenshō-in
• Wife: Kazu-no-Miya Chikako
• Concubine:
  • Oyuri no Kata (1850–1880) later Shoko-in
  • Ohina no Kata (1846–1862) daughter of Shimazu Tadafuyu also niece of Tenshō-in
• Adopted son:
  • Tokugawa Mochitsugu
  • Tokugawa Iesato

Eras of Iemochi's bakufu

Letter of Abraham Lincoln to shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi announcing the departure of Townsend Harris. 14 November 1861.

Letter of Napoleon III to "Taïcoun" Tokugawa Iemochi nominating Léon Roches, in replacement of Duchesne de Bellecourt, 27 October 1863. Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan).

The years in which Iemochi was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.

• Ansei (1854–1860)
• Man'en (1860–1861)
• Bunkyū (1861–1864)
• Genji (1864–1865)
• Keiō (1865–1868)

References

• Rekishi Dokuhon Jan. 2006 issue: Tokugawa Shōgun-ke to Matsudaira Ichizoku
• Tokugawa Iemochi to sono jidai: wakaki shōgun no shōgai 徳川家茂とその時代: 若き将軍の生涯. Tokyo: Tokugawa kin'en zaidan 徳川記念財団, 2007.
• Totman, Conrad. (1980). The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862–1868. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0614-9

External links

Media related to Tokugawa Iemochi at Wikimedia Commons

• Digitized woodblock print: Shogun Iemochi in procession towards Kyoto in Bunkyū 3 Archived 2007-12-06 at the Wayback Machine