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Eleanor Holmes Norton

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Eleanor Holmes Norton
Delegate to the
U.S. House of Representatives
from the District of Columbia's
at-large district
Incumbent
Assumed office
January 3, 1991
Preceded byWalter Fauntroy
Chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
In office
May 27, 1977 – February 21, 1981
PresidentJimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
Preceded byLowell W. Perry
Succeeded byClarence Thomas
Personal details
Born
Eleanor Katherine Holmes

(1937-06-13) June 13, 1937 (age 87)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse
Edward Norton
​
​
(m. 1965; div. 1993)​
Children2
EducationAntioch College (BA)
Yale University (MA, LLB)
WebsiteHouse website
Eleanor Holmes Norton's voice
Norton speaks in support of D.C. Statehood
Recorded August 22, 2021

Eleanor Holmes Norton (born June 13, 1937)[1][2] is an American politician, lawyer, and human rights activist.[3] Norton serves as a congressional delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, where she has represented the District of Columbia since 1991 as a member of the Democratic Party.[4]

Prior to serving in Congress, Norton organized for Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee during the civil rights movement. From 1977 to 1981, she was the first female chair of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.[5]

Early life and education

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Holmes in 1955

Norton was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Vela (née Lynch), a schoolteacher, and Coleman Holmes, a civil servant. She attended Dunbar High School, a school famous for educating black children, as a member of its last segregated class.[6] She was elected the junior class president and graduated as a member of the National Honor Society.[7] She attended Antioch College, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1960, then Yale University, where she received a Master of Arts in American studies in 1963[8] and a Bachelor of Laws from Yale Law School in 1964.[9]

While in college and graduate school, Norton was active in the civil rights movement and an organizer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). By the time she graduated from Antioch, she had already been arrested for organizing and participating in sit-ins in Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Ohio. While in law school, she traveled to Mississippi for the Mississippi Freedom Summer and worked with civil rights stalwarts such as Medgar Evers. Her first encounter with a recently released but physically beaten Fannie Lou Hamer forced her to bear witness to the intensity of violence and Jim Crow repression in the South.[10]

Norton's time with the SNCC inspired her lifelong commitment to social activism and her sense of feminism. She contributed the piece "For Sadie and Maud" to the 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan.[11][12] Norton was on the founding advisory board of the Women's Rights Law Reporter (founded 1970), the first legal periodical in the United States to focus exclusively on the field of women's rights law. In the early 1970s, Norton was a signer of the Black Woman's Manifesto, a classic document of the Black feminist movement.[13]

Career before Congress

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Eleanor Holmes Norton as chair of the EEOC

Upon graduation from law school, she worked as a law clerk to Federal District Court Judge A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.[8] In 1965, she became the assistant legal director of the American Civil Liberties Union, a position she held until 1970.[14] In 1970, Norton represented sixty female employees of Newsweek who had filed a claim with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) that Newsweek had a policy of allowing only men to be reporters.[15] The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women to be reporters.[15]

Norton specialized in freedom of speech cases, and her work included successfully arguing Carroll v. President & Commissioners of Princess Anne, a Supreme Court case brought on behalf of the white supremacist National States' Rights Party.[16] She put this victory into perspective in an interview with one of the District of Columbia Bar's website editors: "I defended the First Amendment, and you seldom get to defend the First Amendment by defending people you like ... You don't know whether the First Amendment is alive and well until it is tested by people with despicable ideas. And I loved the idea of looking a racist in the face—remember this was a time when racism was much more alive and well than it is today—and saying, 'I am your lawyer, sir, what are you going to do about that?'"[8] She worked as an adjunct assistant professor at New York University Law School from 1970 to 1971.[17] In 1970, Mayor John Lindsay appointed her as the head of the New York City Human Rights Commission, and she held the first hearings in the country on discrimination against women.[18] Prominent feminists from throughout the country came to New York City to testify, while Norton used the platform as a means of raising public awareness about the application of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to women and sex discrimination.[10]

President Jimmy Carter appointed Norton as the chair of the EEOC in 1977; she became the first female head of the agency.[14] Norton released the EEOC's first set of regulations outlining what constituted sexual harassment and declaring that sexual harassment was indeed a form of sexual discrimination that violated federal civil rights laws.[19]

She has also served as a senior fellow of the Urban Institute.[20] Norton became a professor at Georgetown University Law Center in 1982.[14] During this time, she was a vocal anti-apartheid activist in the U.S., and was a part of the Free South Africa Movement.

In 1990, Norton, along with 15 other African American women and one man, formed African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom.[21]

She contributed the piece "Notes of a Feminist Long Distance Runner" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.[22]

She received a Foremother Award for her lifetime of accomplishments from the National Research Center for Women & Families in 2011.[23]

Delegate to Congress

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See also: District of Columbia voting rights
Norton speaking at a 1998 rally against the impeachment of Bill Clinton
Jack Kemp, Adrian Fenty, and Norton at D.C. Vote rally on Capitol Hill

Norton was elected in 1990 as a Democratic delegate to the House of Representatives. She defeated city council member Betty Ann Kane in the primary despite the last-minute revelation that Norton and her husband, both lawyers, had failed to file D.C. income tax returns between 1982 and 1989.[24] The Nortons paid over $80,000 in back taxes and fines.[25][26] Her campaign manager was Donna Brazile.[26] The delegate position was open because Del. Walter Fauntroy was running for mayor rather than seeking reelection.[27] Norton received 39 percent of the vote in the Democratic primary election,[28] and 59 percent of the vote in the general election.[29] Norton took office on January 3, 1991, and has been reelected every two years since.[27]

Delegates to Congress are entitled to sit in the House of Representatives and vote in committee, and to offer amendments in the Committee of the Whole, but are not allowed to take part in legislative floor votes.[30][31] The district and four U.S. territories—Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands—send delegates to Congress; the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico has the same rights as delegates.[30]

William Thomas and the White House Peace Vigil inspired Norton to introduce the Nuclear Disarmament and Economic Conversion Act, which would require the United States to disable and dismantle its nuclear weapons at such time as all other nations possessing nuclear weapons do likewise.[32] Norton has been introducing a version of the bill since 1994.[32]

Norton in 2006

Legislation strongly supported by Norton that would grant the District of Columbia a voting representative in the House, the District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2009, was passed by the United States Senate on February 26, 2009. However, the legislation stalled in the House and failed to pass prior to the end of the 111th Congress.

The legislation proposed in 2009 did not grant Norton the right to vote in the 111th Congress, as she would have had to remain in her elected office of delegate for the duration of her two-year term.[33]

In September 2010, the national press criticized Norton after the release of a voice message in which she solicited campaign funds from a lobbyist representing a project that she oversaw. Norton countered that the message was typical of appeals made by all members of Congress and that the call was made from campaign offices not paid for by taxpayers.[34] In March 2012, the public radio series This American Life featured the voicemail message at the start of a program on lobbying titled "Take the Money and Run for Office".[35]

In May 2012, Norton was blocked from testifying on an anti-abortion bill in her district—the second time she has been blocked from speaking about abortion. She insisted that it was a denial of a common courtesy. Representative Jerrold Nadler supported Norton's protest, saying "Never in my 20 years as a member of Congress have I seen a colleague treated so contemptuously."[36][37][38]

In August 2014, after the D.C. Board of Elections voted to put a question about marijuana legalization on the ballot in November 2014, Norton vowed to defend against any congressional attempt to stop the district from voting on the issue and to, if approved, fight any attempt to prevent implementation.[39]

She is a member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus[40] and the Congressional Black Caucus.[41]

Committee assignments

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Caucus memberships

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Legislation sponsored

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Legislation supported

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Appearances

[edit]
Norton with members of the Council of the District of Columbia in 2007.

On July 27, 2006, Norton appeared on the "Better Know a District" segment of Comedy Central's The Colbert Report, in which she spiritedly defended the District of Columbia's claim to being a part of the United States.[61] She also appeared on the joint The Colbert Report/The Daily Show "Midterm Midtacular" special on November 7, 2006.[62] Norton gave further interviews to Stephen Colbert on March 22, 2007,[63] and April 24, 2007, on the subject of representation in the District of Columbia.[64] On February 12, 2008, Colbert and Norton discussed her status as a superdelegate as well as her support of Barack Obama for president.[65] She appeared once again on February 11, 2009, to discuss D.C. representation and promised Colbert that she would make him an honorary citizen of Washington, D.C., and give him a key to the city, if D.C. citizens were given representation. Colbert in turn gave Norton a "TV promise" that he would be there should that happen.[66] Norton made a further appearance on Colbert's show on June 25, 2014, where she discussed the impact that African-American Democrats had on incumbent Thad Cochran's primary defeat of Chris McDaniel, a Tea Party candidate, as well as Colbert's final episode among a cadre of past guests.[67]

On June 27, 2008, Norton appeared on Democracy Now! to discuss the Supreme Court's ruling in District of Columbia v. Heller,[68] which she strongly opposed. On December 5, 2014, Norton appeared on Hannity to discuss the shooting death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, on which she admitted she did not read the evidence of the case, but criticized the racial profiling of young African Americans.[69][70]

Legislation regarding NFL tax-exempt status

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On October 2, 2014, ABC News reported that Norton, discussing her co-sponsorship of a bill aimed at changing the National Football League's tax-exempt status, stated: "The NFL greed is so widespread that they've chosen to operate as a tax-exempt organization. So we want to take that choice away from them unless, and until, they decide not to profit from a name that has now officially been declared a racial slur."[71] In essence, Norton's position was that until the NFL forced the Washington Redskins owner (Daniel Marc Snyder) to change the team name she would support legislation that would change the NFL's tax status thereby costing the league money.[72]

[edit]
Norton at Capital Pride in 2006

Eleanor Holmes Norton is portrayed by Joy Bryant in Amazon Video's original series Good Girls Revolt and by Donna Biscoe in the HBO original movie Confirmation.[73][74]

She is featured in the feminist history film She's Beautiful When She's Angry.[75][76]

She is portrayed by Ayana Workman in the film Rustin.[77]

Personal life

[edit]

Norton was married to Edward Norton. They separated on November 17, 1990,[78] and he died in 2014.[79]

She has two children; John, and Katherine who has Down syndrome.[79][80] Norton is an Episcopalian.[81][82][83]

Awards

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Cannon, Jasmine Daria (2023). "Eleanor Holmes Norton". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  2. ^ "Norton, Eleanor Holmes 1937 –". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  3. ^ Gallagher, Julie (2009), "Norton, Eleanor Holmes", Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195167795.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-516779-5, retrieved June 12, 2024
  4. ^ "Eleanor Holmes Norton". Oxford Reference. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  5. ^ "History of the EEOC: Eleanor Holmes Norton". U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  6. ^ Bash, Dana (July 12, 2019). "Eleanor Holmes Norton's fight for equal pay in 1970 still resonates today". CNN Politics. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
  7. ^ "Liber Anni 1955 (Dunbar High School, Washington, D.C.)". Ancestry.com. Generations Network. 1955. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  8. ^ a b c Staff (June–July 1997). "Legends in the Law. A Conversation with Eleanor Holmes Norton". The District of Columbia Bar. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  9. ^ "Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton". Congresswoman Eleanor Holmes Norton. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  10. ^ a b "弁護士の業務 | 交通事故、相続、遺留分減殺請求、刑事、残業代請求、離婚、不倫慰謝料、顧問弁護士、B型肝炎". voicesofcivilrights.org. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009.
  11. ^ Sisterhood is powerful: an anthology of writings from the women's liberation movement (Book, 1970). [WorldCat.org]. OCLC 96157.
  12. ^ Rosalyn Baxandall; Linda Gordon (May 17, 2001). Dear Sisters: Dispatches From The Women's Liberation Movement. Basic Books. pp. 213, 214–. ISBN 978-0-7867-3133-6.[permanent dead link‍]
  13. ^ "Black Women's Manifesto". Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  14. ^ a b c Donna Hightower-Langston (2002). A to Z of American Women Leaders and Activists. Infobase Publishing. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-1-4381-0792-9. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  15. ^ a b "Newsweek Agrees to End Sex Discrimination Policy". Associated Press. August 28, 1970.
  16. ^ Graham, Fred P. (November 20, 1968). "High Court Limits Right to Ban Rallies". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved April 24, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  17. ^ Rebecca Mae Salokar; Mary L. Volcansek (1996). Women in Law: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-313-29410-5. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  18. ^ Rebecca Mae Salokar; Mary L. Volcansek (1996). Women in Law: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 203–204. ISBN 978-0-313-29410-5. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  19. ^ Pear, Robert (April 12, 1980). "New Rules Ban Sexual Harassment at Work". New York Times News Service.
  20. ^ Staff (1988). "Urban Institute Annual Report 1988" (PDF). Urban Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 14, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  21. ^ Kathryn Cullen-DuPont (August 1, 2000). Encyclopedia of women's history in America. Infobase Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8160-4100-8. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
  22. ^ "Library Resource Finder: Table of Contents for: Sisterhood is forever : the women's anth". Vufind.carli.illinois.edu. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  23. ^ Staff (2011). "2011 Foremothers & Health Policy Hero Awards. Foremothers Lifetime Achievement Awards". National Research Center for Women and Families. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  24. ^ "Hopeful Won't Quit Despite Tax Woes". September 10, 1990.
  25. ^ Abramowitz, Michael (September 12, 1990). "D.C. Delegate; Norton Overcomes Last-Minute Crisis to Win". The Washington Post. p. A21. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
  26. ^ a b Melton, R.H.; Abramowitz, Michael (September 25, 1990). "Second D.C. Candidate Didn't Pay Taxes; Shadow Seat Hopeful Says Failure to File Is a Protest for Statehood". The Washington Post. p. A01. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
  27. ^ a b District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics. "Historical Elected Officials: Delegate to the US House of Representatives". Archived from the original on July 16, 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2008.
  28. ^ Ayres, B. Drummond Jr. (September 12, 1990). "Woman Nominated for Capital Mayor". The New York Times.
  29. ^ Keil, Richard (November 5, 1990). "Barry Loses Bid for City Council". Associated Press.
  30. ^ a b Representatives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of. "Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives - Member FAQs". clerk.house.gov. Retrieved September 27, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ "All News Clips". Archived from the original on February 19, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  32. ^ a b "Norton Files Nuclear Disarmament Bill to Implement D.C. Ballot Initiative". March 19, 2009.
  33. ^ "Text of S.160 as Introduced in Senate District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2009". OpenCongress. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009.
  34. ^ Siegel, Hannah. "Dialing For Dollars: Democratic Rep. Asks Lobbyist For Campaign Cash In Voicemail". ABC News. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
  35. ^ "Take the Money and Run for Office". This American Life. PRI. March 30, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
  36. ^ ROBILLARD, KEVIN (May 17, 2012). "Norton refused testimony in anti-abortion hearing". Politico. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
  37. ^ "Norton Testimony Denied at D.C. Abortion Hearing". NBC4 Washington. May 17, 2012.
  38. ^ "They did it again: GOP refuses to hear Congresswoman's testimony on DC abortion bill". MSNBC. May 18, 2012. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
  39. ^ Hess, Hannah. "Norton Vows to Defend D.C.'s Pot Legalization Initiative From Congress". rollcall.com. Roll Call. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2014.
  40. ^ "Caucus Members". Congressional Progressive Caucus. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  41. ^ a b "Membership". Congressional Black Caucus. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
  42. ^ "Caucus Membrs". US House of Representatives. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  43. ^ "Membership". Congressional Caucus for the Equal Rights Amendment. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
  44. ^ "Members". House Baltic Caucus. Archived from the original on June 19, 2022. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
  45. ^ "Membership". Congressional Arts Caucus. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  46. ^ "Congressional Freethought Caucus expands rapidly". Freedom from Religion Foundation. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.
  47. ^ "90 Current Climate Solutions Caucus Members". Citizen's Climate Lobby. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  48. ^ "Congressmen Raja Krishnamoorthi And Ralph Norman Relaunch The Bipartisan Congressional Solar Caucus For The 118th Congress". United States Congressmen Raja Krishnamoorthi. Retrieved November 18, 2024.
  49. ^ "Members". U.S. - Japan Caucus. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
  50. ^ "Members". LGBTQ+ Equality Caucus. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
  51. ^ "Congressional Coalition on Adoption Institute".
  52. ^ Norton, Eleanor Holmes. "The Introduction of a Bill to Name the U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters -- (Extensions of Remarks - July 08, 2013)". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 15, 2013.[permanent dead link‍]
  53. ^ Debonis, Mike (July 8, 2013). "Search for D.C.'s next CFO takes shape". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
  54. ^ "H.R. 3343 - Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
  55. ^ "CBO - H.R. 4185". Congressional Budget Office. May 16, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  56. ^ "H.R. 4185 - Summary". United States Congress. July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  57. ^ "Norton Bill to Strengthen Local Justice Process in D.C. Passes House". Office of Eleanor Holmes Norton. July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
  58. ^ "CBO - S. 994". Congressional Budget Office. December 5, 2013. Retrieved April 28, 2014.
  59. ^ Marcos, Cristina (April 28, 2014). "Federal transparency bill headed to White House". The Hill. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  60. ^ Marcos, Cristina (April 28, 2014). "House votes to allow more DC penthouses". The Hill. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  61. ^ "The Colbert Report - 07/27/2006 - Better Know a District - District of Columbia - Eleanor Holmes Norton". Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  62. ^ "The Colbert Report: Indecision 2006 - Midterm Midtactular - 11/07/2006 - Robert Wexler and Eleanor Holmes Norton". Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  63. ^ "The Colbert Report - 03/22/2007 - Eleanor Holmes Norton". Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  64. ^ "The Colbert Report - 04/24/2007 - Eleanor Holmes Norton". Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  65. ^ "The Colbert Report - 02/12/2008 - Eleanor Holmes Norton". Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  66. ^ "The Colbert Report - 02/11/2009 - DC Voting Rights Act - Eleanor Holmes Norton". Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  67. ^ Cohen, Matt. "Eleanor Holmes Norton Vs Stephen Colbert, Round Four". DCist.com. Gothamist. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  68. ^ "Supreme Court Strikes Down DC Handgun Ban". Democracy Now!. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  69. ^ Josh Feldman. "Hannity Rips Into Eleanor Holmes Norton: You Didn't Read Ferguson Evidence?!". Mediaite. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  70. ^ Eric Garland (December 5, 2014). "Hannity, Norton clash over Ferguson evidence". The Hill. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
  71. ^ Klein, Rick. "'Capital Games': Behind Congress' 'Attack' on NFL Tax Breaks". ABC News. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  72. ^ "Yahoo Sports NFL". Yahoo! Sport. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  73. ^ Bailey, Alyssa (October 20, 2016). "The Stars of 'Good Girls Revolt' on What 1960s Revolutionaries Can Teach Us". ELLE. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  74. ^ Confirmation (TV Movie 2016) - IMDb, retrieved March 31, 2020
  75. ^ "The Women". Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  76. ^ "The Film — She's Beautiful When She's Angry". Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  77. ^ "The Film — Rustin/". November 17, 2023.
  78. ^ "D.C. DELEGATE NORTON SEEKS SEPARATION". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2024.
  79. ^ a b Adam Bernstein (August 28, 2014). "Edward Norton, lawyer whose tax flouting nearly cost wife a career in Congress, dies". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  80. ^ Sue Anne Pressley (May 22, 2005). "For politician, daughter is bliss". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  81. ^ Mitchell, Travis (January 3, 2019). "Faith on the Hill: The religious composition of the 116th Congress". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  82. ^ "Club Managers Association of America - Rep. Eleanor Norton (D-DC-01)". congressweb.com. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  83. ^ "Norton to Speak at St. Augustine Episcopal Church's Thurgood Marshall Celebration, Sunday". Representative Eleanor Holmes Norton. May 19, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  84. ^ "Foremother and Health Policy Hero Awards Luncheon". May 7, 2018.
  85. ^ Filby, Max (April 26, 2017). "Antioch College to honor 14-term congresswoman alumna". Dayton Daily News. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  86. ^ "2020 Honorees". National Women's History Alliance. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.

Further reading

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[edit]
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives
from the District of Columbia's at-large congressional district
1991–present 		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byas U.S. Representative United States delegates by seniority
1st 		Succeeded by
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