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Foreign relations of Kyrgyzstan

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Kyrgyzstan has close relations with other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, particularly Kazakhstan and Russia, given the historical legacy of the Soviet Union. It also has close relations with Turkey as well, given their shared heritage as Turkic languages.

While Kyrgyzstan was initially determined to stay in the ruble zone, the stringent conditions set forth by the Russian Government prompted Kyrgyzstan to introduce its own currency, the som, in May 1993. Kyrgyzstan's withdrawal from the ruble zone was done with little prior notification and initially caused tensions in the region. Both Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan temporarily suspended trade, and Uzbekistan even introduced restrictions tantamount to economic sanctions. Both nations feared an influx of rubles and an increase in inflation. Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan's hostility toward Kyrgyzstan was short-lived, and the three nations signed an agreement in January 1994 creating an economic union. This led to the relaxation of border restrictions between the nations the following month. Kyrgyzstan also has contributed to the CIS peacekeeping forces in Tajikistan.

Turkey has sought to capitalize on its cultural and ethnic links to the region and has found Kyrgyzstan receptive to cultivating bilateral relations. The Kyrgyz Republic also has experienced a dramatic increase in trade with the People's Republic of China, its southern neighbor. Kyrgyzstan has been active in furthering regional cooperation, such as joint military exercises with Uzbek and Kazakh troops.

In January 1999, a new OSCE office opened in Bishkek; on February 18, 2000, the OSCE announced that an additional office would open in Osh to assist Bishkek in carrying out its work. Kyrgyzstan is a member of the OSCE, the CIS, and the United Nations.

Diplomatic relations

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List of countries which Kyrgyzstan maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[1]
1  Turkey 23 December 1991
2  Australia 26 December 1991
3  United States 27 December 1991
4  Albania 4 January 1992
5  China 5 January 1992
6  Egypt 9 January 1992
7  North Korea 21 January 1992
8  Japan 26 January 1992
9  South Africa 26 January 1992
10  South Korea 31 January 1992
11  Germany 3 February 1992
12  Poland 10 February 1992
13   Switzerland 14 February 1992
14  Canada 17 February 1992
15  Cyprus 20 February 1992
16  France 28 February 1992
17  Bangladesh 3 March 1992
18  Israel 4 March 1992
19  India 18 March 1992
20  Cuba 20 March 1992
21  Russia 20 March 1992
22  Finland 23 March 1992
23  Italy 24 March 1992
24  Austria 25 March 1992
25  Belgium 25 March 1992
26  Sweden 25 March 1992
27  Madagascar 26 March 1992
28  Mexico 27 March 1992
29  Malaysia 2 April 1992
30  Spain 3 April 1992
31  Hungary 16 April 1992
32  Mongolia 22 April 1992
33  Philippines 22 April 1992
34  Denmark 8 May 1992
35  Iran 10 May 1992
36  Pakistan 10 May 1992
37  Oman 18 May 1992
38  Bulgaria 20 May 1992
39  Luxembourg 26 May 1992
40  Vietnam 4 June 1992
41  Netherlands 10 June 1992
42  Greece 12 June 1992
43  United Kingdom 12 June 1992
44  Romania 15 June 1992
45  Ghana 26 June 1992
46  Morocco 26 June 1992
47  Norway 26 June 1992
48  Georgia 10 July 1992
49  Lithuania 23 July 1992
50  Thailand 6 August 1992
51  Portugal 18 August 1992
 Holy See 27 August 1992
52  Singapore 27 August 1992
53  New Zealand 7 September 1992
54  Ukraine 18 September 1992
55  Argentina 6 October 1992
56  Turkmenistan 9 October 1992
57  Kazakhstan 15 October 1992
58  Saudi Arabia 19 October 1992
59  Moldova 30 October 1992
60  Mali 5 November 1992
61  Tunisia 25 November 1992
62  Czech Republic 1 January 1993
63  Slovakia 1 January 1993
64  Armenia 9 January 1993
65  Chad 11 January 1993
66  Tajikistan 14 January 1993
67  Azerbaijan 19 January 1993
68  Belarus 21 January 1993
69  Guatemala 10 February 1993
70  Jordan 10 February 1993
71  Uzbekistan 16 February 1993
72  Malta 19 February 1993
73  Libya 25 February 1993
74  Latvia 18 March 1993
75    Nepal 26 March 1993
76  Indonesia 5 April 1993
77  Bosnia and Herzegovina 23 April 1993
78  Syria 28 May 1993
79  Brazil 6 August 1993
80  Uruguay 13 August 1993
81  Maldives 31 August 1993
82  Zambia 17 September 1993
83  Colombia 6 October 1993
84  Slovenia 19 January 1994
85  North Macedonia 7 June 1994
86  Kuwait 17 December 1994
87  Samoa 14 February 1995
88  Cambodia 20 March 1995
89  Laos 13 June 1995
 State of Palestine 12 September 1995
90  Bahrain 9 February 1996
91  Brunei 15 March 1996
92  Estonia 12 April 1996
93  United Arab Emirates 1 August 1996
94  Sri Lanka 19 August 1996
95  Algeria 21 December 1996
96  Croatia 23 December 1996
97  Yemen 20 May 1997
98  Qatar 3 March 1998
99  Serbia 25 June 1998
100  Peru 2 January 1999
101  Chile 9 August 1999
102  Liechtenstein 16 September 1999
103  Afghanistan 12 November 1999
104  Jamaica 25 February 2000
105  Ireland 23 June 2000
106  Gambia 30 June 2000
107  Namibia 29 November 2000
108  Kenya 12 December 2000
109  Iceland 2 April 2001
110  Costa Rica 24 September 2001
111  Myanmar 9 November 2001
112  San Marino 20 September 2004
113  Benin 29 January 2009
114  Montenegro 24 June 2009
115  Senegal 2 April 2010
116  Dominican Republic 30 June 2011
117  Tuvalu 14 September 2011
118  Paraguay 23 May 2012
119  Fiji 14 February 2014
120  Eritrea 27 February 2014
121  Seychelles 5 March 2014
122  Uganda 19 March 2014
123  Andorra 26 September 2014
124  Solomon Islands 22 December 2014
125  Djibouti 3 June 2015
126  Guinea 8 September 2015
127  Ivory Coast 25 September 2015
128  Sudan 26 September 2015
129  Mauritania 30 September 2015
130  Togo 30 September 2015
131  Iraq 5 November 2015
132  Republic of the Congo 3 February 2016
133  El Salvador 17 March 2016
134  Mauritius 16 June 2016
135  Liberia 17 June 2016
136  Ethiopia 23 July 2016
137  Guyana 23 September 2016
138  Suriname 23 September 2016
139  Dominica 17 October 2016
140  Sierra Leone 1 November 2016
141  Central African Republic 21 November 2016
142  Ecuador 13 December 2016
143  Marshall Islands 22 December 2016
144  Monaco 9 March 2017
145  Nicaragua 7 July 2017
146  Lesotho 20 July 2017
147  Lebanon 29 July 2017
148  Burundi 23 November 2017
149  Zimbabwe 8 December 2017
150  Equatorial Guinea 7 June 2018
151  Saint Kitts and Nevis 8 June 2018
152  Venezuela 28 September 2018
153  Federated States of Micronesia 30 October 2018
154  Bolivia 30 May 2019
155  Grenada 3 June 2019
156  Cabo Verde 26 September 2019
157  Kiribati 26 September 2019
158  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 26 September 2019
159  Vanuatu 26 September 2019
160  Cameroon 27 September 2019
161  Mozambique 27 September 2019
162  Nauru 30 January 2020
163  Antigua and Barbuda 3 June 2021
164  Panama 24 September 2021
165  Palau 7 October 2021
166  Malawi 23 September 2022
167  Tonga 7 December 2022
168  Rwanda 13 December 2022
169  Saint Lucia 20 September 2023
170  Angola 26 September 2024[2]

Bilateral relations

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia January 1993
 Australia

Australia is represented in Kyrgyzstan by its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[7]

 Azerbaijan

See Azerbaijan–Kyrgyzstan relations

  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Bishkek.
  • Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Baku.
 China See China–Kyrgyzstan relations

As of 1996, relations between both nations were an area of substantial uncertainty for the government in Bishkek.[8] The free-trade zone in Naryn attracted large numbers of Chinese businesspeople, who came to dominate most of the republic's import and export of small goods.[8] Most of these trades are in barter conducted by ethnic Kyrgyz or Kazakhs who are Chinese citizens.[8] The Kyrgyzstani government has expressed alarm over the numbers of Chinese who are moving into Naryn and other parts of Kyrgyzstan, but no preventive measures had been taken as of 1996.[9]

 Croatia 23 December 1996
 Cyprus 20 February 1992
 Estonia 1996
 Finland See Finland–Kyrgyzstan relations
 Georgia
 Greece 1992 See Greece-Kyrgyzstan relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1992.[16] Greece is represented in Kyrgyzstan through its embassy in Almaty (Kazakhstan). Kyrgyzstan is represented in Greece through a non resident ambassador based in Bishkek (in the Foreign Ministry). Kyrgyz consular representation in Greece is made by the Kazakh consulate in Athens.
  • On November 1, 2004, Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev made an official visit to Greece.[17][18] A Foreign Ministry delegation from Greece visited Dushanbe for talks, and had meetings with Tajikistans Foreign Minister Zarifi and First Deputy Foreign Minister Youldashev in 2008. Foreign Minister Dora Bakoyannis met with Tajikistans Foreign Minister Zarifi during the 1st EU-Central Asia Forum on security issues in Paris in September 2008.[16]
  • There are between 650 and 700 people of Greek descent living in Kyrgyzstan.[19] However, the data of the General Secretariat For Greeks Abroad give an even lower number (50 people).[20]
  • In 2004 Greece and Kyrgyzstan signed a bilateral agreement for air transports, tourism and diplomacy during Kyrgyz president Askar Akayev's visit to Greece.[17][21]
 India 18 March 1992 See Kyrgyzstan–India relations

Since the independence of Kyrgyz Republic on 31 August 1991, India was among the first to establish bilateral diplomatic relations on 18 March 1992; the resident Mission of India was set up in 1994. Political ties with the Kyrgyz Republic have been traditionally warm and friendly. The Kyrgyz leaderships have been largely supportive of India's stand on Kashmir and have welcomed the ongoing peace process. Kyrgyzstan also supports India's bid for permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council and India's role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). India also has strong educational ties with the country. The Defense Minister Omuraliyev was enthusiastic about the prospects of military cooperation in a radio interview with Free Europe in September 2013. "Many are skeptical, thinking that Kyrgyzstan and India can't have mutual interests in military relations.... But we have had a very close partnership in the defense sphere." He specified foreign language (presumably English) training, military medicine and preparing for United Nations peacekeeping missions as specific areas of cooperation.

 Iran See Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations

Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations are foreign and diplomatic relations between Kyrgyzstan and Iran. Bilateral relations between Iran and Kyrgyzstan are more or less even and somewhat relaxed. On September 12, 2013, Iran's President Hassan Rouhani expressed political will to enhance relations with Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan.

 Japan 26 January 1992

Diplomatic relations between Japan and Kyrgyzstan were established on 26 January 1992. Japan opened an embassy in Bishkek in January 2003, and Kyrgyzstan opened an embassy in Tokyo in April 2004.[22]

 Kazakhstan See Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan relations

Bilateral relationships between the countries are very strong and Kyrgyz and Kazakh are very close in terms of language, culture and religion. Kyrgyz-Kazakh relationships have always been friendly and economic and other formal unifications of two countries have been greeted with strong appreciation since the two nations have a lot in common. On Apr. 26, 2007 Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan signed an agreement to create an "International Supreme Council". This historic event took place during an official visit of the Kazakh president to the Kyrgyzstan capital, Bishkek.[23]

 Latvia 18 March 1993
 Lithuania 3 July 1992
 Malaysia See Kyrgyzstan–Malaysia relations

Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur,[26] while Malaysia embassy in Tashkent is also accredited to Kyrgyzstan.[27]

 Malta 19 February 1993
 Mexico 14 January 1992
  • Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[29][30]
  • Mexico is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
 Moldova
  • Kyrgyzstan is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Moldova is accredited to Kyrgyzstan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 North Korea 30 January 1992
 Pakistan 20 December 1991 See Kyrgyzstan–Pakistan relations

Relations between the two countries were established on 20 December 1991 shortly after Kyrgyzstan became independent from the Soviet Union.[31]

 Poland See Kyrgyzstan–Poland relations
 Romania 15 June 1992
 Russia See Kyrgyzstan–Russia relations
President Almazbek Atambayev and Russian PM Dmitry Medvedev during the Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May 2015

Whereas the other Central Asian republics have sometimes complained of Russian interference, Kyrgyzstan has more often wished for more attention and support from Moscow than it has been able to obtain. For all the financial support that the world community has offered, Kyrgyzstan remains economically dependent on Russia, both directly and through Kazakhstan. In early 1995, Askar Akayev, the then President of Kyrgyzstan, attempted to sell Russian companies controlling shares in the republic's twenty-nine largest industrial plants, an offer that Russia refused.[8]

 Serbia 1998
  • Both countries have established diplomatic relations in 1998.[33]
  • In 2011, the total trade value amounted EUR 3,5 million.[33]
 South Korea 31 January 1992

The Republic of Korea and Kyrgyzstan have had official relations since 31 January 1992. On the sidelines of the 69th session of the UN General Assembly, Foreign Minister Yun Byung-se met with his Kyrgyz counterpart Yerlan Abdyldaev on September 26. In the meeting, the two diplomats discussed matters of mutual concern including ways to boost high-level exchanges to step up substantive cooperation and work together on the international stage. The two sides shared the view that their countries have seen their bilateral relations move forward in diverse fields since the visit of Kyrgyz President Almazbek Atambayev to the Republic of Korea in November 2013. The meeting resulted in an agreement to increase high-level exchanges in order to further enhance friendship and cooperation between the two countries.[34]

 Spain See Kyrgyzstan–Spain relations
  Switzerland 1993

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1993.[35]

 Tajikistan See Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan relations

Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan relations have been tense.[8] Refugees and antigovernment fighters in Tajikistan have crossed into Kyrgyzstan several times, even taking hostages.[8] Kyrgyzstan attempted to assist in brokering an agreement between contesting Tajikistani forces in October 1992 but without success.[8] Askar Akayev later joined presidents Islam Karimov and Nursultan Nazarbayev in sending a joint intervention force to support Tajikistan's president Imomali Rahmonov against insurgents, but the Kyrgyzstani parliament delayed the mission of its small contingent for several months until late spring 1993. In mid-1995 Kyrgyzstani forces had the responsibility of sealing a small portion of the Tajikistan border near Panj from Tajikistani rebel forces.

 Turkey Jan. 29, 1992[36] See Kyrgyzstan–Turkey relations
 Turkmenistan See Kyrgyzstan–Turkmenistan relations
  • Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Ashgabat.
  • Turkmenistan has an embassy in Bishkek.
 Ukraine
  • Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Bishkek.
 United Kingdom See Kyrgyzstan–United Kingdom relations
  • Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Bishkek.
 United States See Kyrgyzstan–United States relations

The U.S. government provides humanitarian assistance, non-lethal military assistance, and assistance to support economic and political reforms. It also has supported the Kyrgyz Republic's requests for assistance from international organizations.

The United States assisted the Kyrgyz Republic accede to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in December 1998. U.S. assistance aids the Kyrgyz Republic in implementing necessary economic, health sector, and educational reforms, and supports economic development and conflict resolution in the Fergana Valley. (See also American Chamber of Commerce in Kyrgyzstan.)

  • Kyrgyzstan has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States has an embassy in Bishkek.
 Uzbekistan See Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan relations

Uzbekistan informs southern Kyrgyzstan both economically and politically, based on the large Uzbek population in that region of Kyrgyzstan and on economic and geographic conditions.[8] Much of Kyrgyzstan depends on Uzbekistan for natural gas; on several occasions, Karimov has achieved political ends by shutting pipelines or by adjusting terms of delivery.[8] In a number of television appearances broadcast in the Osh and Jalal-Abad provinces of Kyrgyzstan, Karimov has addressed Akayev with considerable condescension; Akayev, in turn, has been highly deferential to his neighbor.[8] Although Uzbekistan has not shown overt expansionist tendencies, the Kyrgyz government is acutely aware of the implications of Karimov's assertions that he is responsible for the well-being of all Uzbeks, regardless of their nation of residence.[8]

Illegal drug trade

[edit]

Kyrgyzstan is a limited illicit cultivator of cannabis and opium poppy, mostly for CIS consumption. There is a limited government eradication program. Kyrgyzstan is used increasingly as a transshipment point for illicit drugs to Russia and Western Europe from Southwest Asia.[39] In 2020, with the assistance of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Program Office in Kyrgyzstan, the Analytical Center of the Counter Narcotic Service of the Ministry of Interior of the Kyrgyz Republic was established to combat drug trafficking.[40]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  2. ^ "Установлены дипломатические отношения между Кыргызской Республикой и Республикой Ангола" (in Russian). 27 September 2024. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
  3. ^ LLC, Helix Consulting. "Kyrgyzstan - Bilateral Relations - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia". www.mfa.am. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  4. ^ LLC, Helix Consulting. "Kyrgyzstan - Embassies - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia". www.mfa.am. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  5. ^ LLC, Helix Consulting. "Kyrgyzstan - Consulates - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia". www.mfa.am. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  6. ^ LLC, Helix Consulting. "Kyrgyzstan - By country - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia". www.mfa.am. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  7. ^ "Kyrgyzstan". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Martha Brill Olcott. "Russia". Kyrgyzstan: a country study (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 1996). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  9. ^ Martha Brill Olcott. "Central Asian Neighbors". Kyrgyzstan: a country study (Glenn E. Curtis, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 1996). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. ^ "MVEP • Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". www.mvep.hr.
  11. ^ "MVEP • Overview of Bilateral Treaties of the Republic of Croatia by Country". www.mvep.hr.
  12. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. ^ "Kyrgyzstan - Ministry of Foreign Affairs". vm.ee.
  14. ^ "საქართველოს საგარეო საქმეთა სამინისტრო - ყაზახეთის რესპუბლიკა". mfa.gov.ge. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  15. ^ "Საქართველოს საგარეო საქმეთა სამინისტრო - Home". Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  16. ^ a b "Tajikistan". Greece. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009. Greece and Tajikistan established diplomatic relations in 1992. The stabilization of the country following the civil war and its increasing presence as part of the international community are expected to offer an opportunity for substantially developing its bilateral relations with Greece.
  17. ^ a b "Greece, Kyrgyzstan sign bilateral accords". ANA. 2004. Retrieved 22 May 2009. Greece and Kyrgyzstan on Monday signed three bilateral accords in the sectors of air transports, tourism and diplomacy, during a meeting between President of the Republic Costis Stephanopoulos and his Kyrgyz counterpart Askare Askayev, who is in Athens on a state visit.
  18. ^ "Kyrgyz president in Greece". BBC. 1 November 2004. Retrieved 22 May 2009. Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev left for Greece on an official visit on 31 October
  19. ^ Kyrgyzstan: The Greek Community. Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009.
  20. ^ "General Information". General Secretariat For Greeks Abroad. Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  21. ^ "Kyrgyzstan, Greece sign cooperation accords". BBC. 1 November 2004. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 22 May 2009. Kyrgyz President Askar Akayev met Greek President Konstandinos Stefanopoulos in a narrow circle in Athens as part of an official visit to Greece on 1 November 2004. There was an exchange of views on a wide range of issues of cooperation...
  22. ^ "Japan-Kyrgyz Republic Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  23. ^ Central Asia: A Kyrgyz-Kazakh Step Towards Regional Union This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  24. ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations". www.mfa.gov.lv.
  25. ^ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations | Bilateral cooperation | Lithuania in the Region and the World | Foreign Policy | Ministry of Foreign Affairs". Archived from the original on 20 February 2019.
  26. ^ "Embassy Address". THE EMBASSY OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC TO MALAYSIA. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  27. ^ "Malaysia Embassy, Kyrgyzstan". Embassy Row. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  28. ^ Kyrgyzstan 2019foreignaffairs.gov.mt Archived 7 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ^ "Embassy of Kyrgyzstan in the United States". Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  30. ^ "Bilateral relations between Mexico and Central Asia" (PDF). Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  31. ^ "Pak-Kyrgyz Diplomatic Relations". www.pakpost.gov.pk.
  32. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania - Ministry of Foreign Affairs". www.mae.ro.
  33. ^ a b "Kyrgyzstan". www.mfa.gov.rs.
  34. ^ Korea, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of. "Press > Press Releases".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "Bilateral relations Switzerland–Kyrgyzstan". Archived from the original on 3 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  36. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  37. ^ "Economic Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  38. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  39. ^ "Kyrgyzstan". US Department of State. 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ^ "UNODC contributes to the suppression of the illegal drug trafficking in Kyrgyzstan". UN Office on Drugs and Crime. 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)